The current status of antibiotic use in equine reproduction (original) (raw)
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Efficacy of Different Anti-bacterial Medicaments for Treatment of Equine Endometritis
This study aimed to study the Efficacy of different anti-bacterial medicaments for treatment of equine endometritis. This study was carried out on 67 mares of varying ages (average age was 5 years old) from February 2012 to December 2013. They were diagnosed to be affected with endometritis by case history, clinical examination, ultrasonographic examination, low volume uterine flush and cytological examination of the uterine flush. The affected animals were then randomly classified into four groups; the 1st group was treated by intra-uterine wash with saline only (control), the 2nd group was treated by intra-uterine wash with saline supplied with gentamicin 10%, the 3rd group was treated by intra uterine wash with saline supplied with Cefepime, while the 4th group treated by Ceftiofur systemically. The results showed that there was a significant variation (P<0.05) between groups treated by intra uterine wash with saline supplied with Cefepime (3rd group), and which was treated by intra uterine wash with saline only (control group) in both conception and pregnancy rates where the 3rd group showed the highest conception and pregnancy rates and the control group gave the lowest ones. In conclusion, Cefepime is the most appropriate antibiotic for treatment of endometritis in mares.
Research in Veterinary Science, 2008
Bacterial pathogens are a potential cause when a mare fails to conceive to a fertile stallion on a well-managed breeding farm on one or more cycles in the same season. Furthermore, emerging bacterial resistance to commonly used (topical) antibiotics has been demonstrated. In this study, a total of 586 uterine swabs from mares with fertility problems were evaluated and the bacterial isolates were identified and measured for resistance to 10 antibiotics most commonly used during bacterial equine infection. Forty-nine percent of the examined mares were positive at bacteriological investigations. Amongst 347 successful isolations, 31.7% were Streptococcus group C and 18.4% Escherichia (E.) coli, both considered frequently associated with fertility problems. Determination of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus group C (110 organisms) revealed that only the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was highly active with 82.7% of the isolates being inhibited. For E. coli, a major number of drugs displayed a high potency.
Making sense of equine uterine infections: The many faces of physical clearance
The Veterinary Journal, 2006
Equine uterine infections inflict major losses on the equine industry. Persistent inflammation of the oviduct and uterus leads to loss of the conceptus and mares susceptible to infection have weakened uterine defences partly due to retention of inflammatory exudate. Bacteria may trigger inflammation, resist phagocytosis, or adhere to the endometrium and types of infection range from genital commensals in susceptible mares to reproductive pathogens in normal mares. Uterine infections are diagnosed by history, detection of uterine inflammation, and isolation of typical organisms and susceptible mares may be identified by detection of intrauterine fluid during oestrus, or at 6-48 h post-breeding. Therapy includes oxytocin, uterine lavage, antibiotics, and prostaglandin analogues and clinical studies indicate additive benefits of oxytocin and antibiotics. Improved conception rates have been associated with autologous, intrauterine plasma, despite controversy about its bactericidal efficacy. Because of the potential for endometrial damage, intrauterine antiseptics require caution.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Endometritis in Arabian Mares
Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2016
Endometritis remains a major clinical problem in broodmare practice. The diagnosis of endometritis is based on the presence of inflammation, the mare's history, physical and reproductive examination including transrectal ultrasonography and laboratory diagnostic aids. In this study, eighteen repeat breeder mares were suspected to be suffering from endometritis through their examination by ultrasonography. A total of 18 uterine swabs from these mares were evaluated and the bacterial isolates were identified. The bacterial species most frequently isolated was E. coli (9 isolates, 50%), Staphylococcus aureus (5 isolates, 27.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 isolates, 16.7%),citrobacter freundii and Streptococci (2 isolates, 11.1%). The study also revealed that other Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia alcalifaciens and Proteus mirabilis were found in the uterine culture but in very lower frequencies. Ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent inhibiting most of uterine bacterial isolates in our work.
Enrofloxacin-based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2009
S. Enrofloxacin-based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33,[287][288][289][290][291][292][293][294] Enrofloxacin (EFX) is often used empirically to prevent uterine infections in mares in order to improve efficiency on Commercial Embryo Transfer Farms. This study investigated the uterine distribution of EFX and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CFX) in mares and assessed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EFX against various common pathogens as a basis for establishing a rational dosing schedule. Plasma and uterine pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were performed in two groups (n = 5) of healthy mares following intravenous (i.v.) administration of EFX at either 2.5 and at 5 mg ⁄ kg bodyweight. Plasma and endometrial tissue samples, taken before for up to 48 h after treatment were analysed by Reverse Phase HPLC. MIC values for wild strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (b-haemolytic streptococci) ranged from 0.25-2 and 1.5-3.0 lg ⁄ mL respectively. In terms of tissue distribution, the sum of the endometrial concentrations of the parent drug (EFX) and its active metabolite (CFX) (in terms of AUC), exceeded those in plasma by 249% and 941% following administration of EFX at 2.5 and 5 mg ⁄ kg respectively. After i.v. treatment with EFX at 5 mg ⁄ kg, endometrial concentrations of EFX and CFX above the MIC value were detected for 36-48 and 22-43 h posttreatment for Gram-negative and -positive isolates respectively. Concentrations above MIC were maintained for much shorter periods at the lower (2.5 mg ⁄ kg) treatment dose. Based on these results, a conventional dose (5 mg ⁄ kg) of EFX given prebreeding followed by two further doses at 36-48 h postbreeding are proposed as a rational strategy for using of EFX as a preventative therapy against a variety of common bacterial strains associated with equine endometritis.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 2009
S. Enrofloxacin-based therapeutic strategy for the prevention of endometritis in susceptible mares. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33,[287][288][289][290][291][292][293][294] Enrofloxacin (EFX) is often used empirically to prevent uterine infections in mares in order to improve efficiency on Commercial Embryo Transfer Farms. This study investigated the uterine distribution of EFX and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CFX) in mares and assessed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EFX against various common pathogens as a basis for establishing a rational dosing schedule. Plasma and uterine pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were performed in two groups (n = 5) of healthy mares following intravenous (i.v.) administration of EFX at either 2.5 and at 5 mg ⁄ kg bodyweight. Plasma and endometrial tissue samples, taken before for up to 48 h after treatment were analysed by Reverse Phase HPLC. MIC values for wild strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (b-haemolytic streptococci) ranged from 0.25-2 and 1.5-3.0 lg ⁄ mL respectively. In terms of tissue distribution, the sum of the endometrial concentrations of the parent drug (EFX) and its active metabolite (CFX) (in terms of AUC), exceeded those in plasma by 249% and 941% following administration of EFX at 2.5 and 5 mg ⁄ kg respectively. After i.v. treatment with EFX at 5 mg ⁄ kg, endometrial concentrations of EFX and CFX above the MIC value were detected for 36-48 and 22-43 h posttreatment for Gram-negative and -positive isolates respectively. Concentrations above MIC were maintained for much shorter periods at the lower (2.5 mg ⁄ kg) treatment dose. Based on these results, a conventional dose (5 mg ⁄ kg) of EFX given prebreeding followed by two further doses at 36-48 h postbreeding are proposed as a rational strategy for using of EFX as a preventative therapy against a variety of common bacterial strains associated with equine endometritis.
Supplemental antibiotics in a commercial extender for stallion semen
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2019
Commonly marketed semen extenders contain various antibiotic types and concentrations to control bacterial growth from stallion's external genitalia. An experiment was conducted to test the effects of supplemental amikacin disulfate (1000 µg/mL) + potassium penicillin G (1000 IU/Ml: INRA-AP), or ticarcillin/clavulanate (1000 µg/mL: INRA-TIM) in the INRA 96 extender, on sperm function and antimicrobial activity, as compared to extender without supplemental antibiotics (INRA-C). In freshly extended semen (Time 30m), no differences were observed among the three treatment groups for sperm motion characteristics or plasma membrane intactness (P > 0.05). Following cooled storage (Time 24h), sperm progressive motility and straightness were higher in INRA-AP, as compared to INRA-C or INRA-TIM (P < 0.05). For both time points, INRA-AP yielded lower bacterial colony forming units (CFU/mL) than INRA-TIM or INRA-C (P < 0.05). Additionally, INRA-AP yielded a higher proportion of culture plates with no growth (59%), than INRA-TIM (14%) or INRA-C (22%; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that INRA 96 extender can be supplemented with the tested concentrations of amikacin disulfate + potassium penicillin G to improve its antimicrobial effectiveness without impairing sperm quality. Highlights