Quantitative Analyses of ROS and RNS Production in Breast Cancer Cell Lines Incubated with Ferrocifens (original) (raw)
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Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2010
The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanism of action of ferrocifen (Fc-OH-TAM), the ferrocenyl analog of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (OH-TAM), which is the active metabolite of tamoxifen, the drug most widely prescribed for treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Fc-OH-TAM showed an anti-proliferative effect on the six breast cancer cell lines tested, 3 ERa positive (MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1) and 3 ERa negative (MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3, Hs578-T) whatever their ER (estrogen receptor) status. However, the mechanism of action of the ferrocenyl derivative appeared to differ depending on the status of the ERa. Analysis of cell cycle distribution revealed that Fc-OH-TAM first recruits cells in the S phase in both ERa positive and ERa negative cells. In the presence of ERa, Fc-OH-TAM allowed cell cycle progression, with a subsequent blockade in G0/G1, whereas in the absence of ERa, cells remained in the S phase. Significant production of ROS was observed only in the presence of Fc-OH-TAM in both ERa positive and negative breast cancer cell lines. Within our experimental conditions, this ROS production is associated with cell cycle arrest and senescence rather than apoptosis. In the presence of ERa, Fc-OH-TAM seems to mainly act in the same way as OH-TAM but also induces an additional cytotoxic effect not mediated by the receptor. Our data suggest that this cytotoxic effect of Fc-OH-TAM is expressed via a mechanism of action distinct from the non-genomic pathway observed with high doses of OH-Tamoxifen.
Pharmaceuticals, 2022
Tamoxifen is a long-known anti-tumor drug, which is the gold standard therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer patients. According to previous studies, the conjugation of the original tamoxifen molecule with different functional groups can significantly improve its antitumor effect. The purpose of this research was to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity of different ferrocene-linked tamoxifen derivates. Tamoxifen and its ferrocene-linked derivatives, T5 and T15 were tested in PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cells, where the incorporation of the ferrocene group improved the cytotoxicity on all cell lines. PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 express ERα and GPER1 (G-protein coupled ER 1). However, ERβ is only expressed by MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tamoxifen is a known agonist of GPER1, a receptor that can promote tumor progression. Analysis of the protein expression profile showed that while being cytotoxic, tamoxifen elevated the levels of different tumor gr...
Chemistry - A European Journal, 2003
A series of ferrocene derivatives based upon the structure of the antiestrogenic drug tamoxifen or of its active metabolite hydroxytamoxifen has been prepared and named by analogy ferrocifens and hydroxyferrocifens. This series includes 1-[4-(O(CH 2 ) n NMe 2 )phenyl]-1-phenyl-2-ferrocenyl-but-1-ene and 1-[4-(ÀO(CH 2 ) n NMe 2 )phenyl]-1-(4hydroxyphenyl)-2-ferrocenyl-but-1-ene, with n 2, 3, 5 and 8, and 1-[4-(ÀO(CH 2 ) 2 NMe 2 )phenyl]-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-ferrocenylethene. Most of these molecules have been synthesised by McMurry cross-coupling of the appropriate ketones, except for the ethene complexes, which were prepared by a four-step reaction sequence starting from the ferrocenylacetic acid. All these compounds were obtained as mixtures of Z and E isomers. The isomers were separated in the cases of the ferrocenyl derivatives of tamoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen (n 2). No isomerisation of the Z and E isomers occurred in DMSO after one day, while a 50:50 mixture of
New Journal of Chemistry, 2011
We have prepared several organometallic systems whose structures are closely analogous to that of tamoxifen, the drug used in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers, but which now possess two basic aminoalkyl chains: O(CH 2 ) 3 NMe 2 . Despite the absence of a phenolic functionality, these ferrocenyl compounds 3, 4 and their organic analogue 5 recognize the estrogen receptor but in addition exhibit strong antiproliferative effects on hormone-dependent breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and also on hormone-independent ones (MDA-MB-231) with, in this case, an IC 50 value of about 0.4 mM. The ferrocenyl moiety does not create a major effect here compared to a purely organic aromatic group. On the other hand, the presence within the molecule of two vicinal basic entities, potentially allowing complexation to metal ions such as Zn 2+ , could perhaps be the key to the antiproliferative effectiveness of this series which operates via a different mechanism to that of hydroxytamoxifen 1 and hydroxyferrocifen 2. The behaviour of these new species is discussed. They possess the distinctive feature of combining a strong antiproliferative effect with intense antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Dalton Transactions, 2006
The selective oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is a leading agent in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Several organometallic moieties have been vectorised with tamoxifen, in order to improve on the latter's antiproliferative properties by the addition of a potentially cytotoxic moiety, and have been evaluated versus both oestrogen receptor positive (MCF7) and oestrogen receptor negative (MDA-MB231) breast cancer cells. For tamoxifen analogues with ((R,R)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II), cyclopentadienyl rhenium tricarbonyl, and ruthenocene tethers, there was no enhancement of the antiproliferative effect on oestrogen receptor positive cells, nor any cytotoxic effect on oestrogen receptor negative cells, while those containing cyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride showed an oestrogenic effect. However, compounds where ferrocene replaces tamoxifen's phenyl ring were strongly cytotoxic against both cell lines. The synthesis and biological results of these compounds is reviewed and placed in the historic context of inorganic compounds in therapy.
Ferrocene Functionalized Endocrine Modulators as Anticancer Agents
We present here some of our studies on the synthesis and behaviour of ferrocenyl selective endocrine receptor modulators against cancer cells, particularly breast and prostate cancers. The proliferative/anti-proliferative effects of compounds based on steroidal and non-steroidal endocrine modulators have been extensively explored in vitro. Structure–activity relationship studies of such molecules , particularly the hydroxyferrocifens and ferrocene phenols, have shown the effect of (1) the presence and the length of the N,N-dimethylamino side chain, (2) the presence and position of the phenol group, (3) the role of the ferrocenyl moiety, (4) that of conjugation, (5) phenyl functionalisation and (6) the placement of the phenyl group. Compounds possessing a ferrocene moiety linked to a p-phenol by a conjugated p-system are among the most potent of the series, with IC 50 values ranging from 0.090 to 0.6 mM on hormone independent breast cancer cells. Based on the SAR data and electrochemical studies, we have proposed an original mechanism to explain the unusual behaviour of these bioorganometallic species and coin the term " kronatropic " to qualify this effect, involving ROS production and bio-oxidation. In addition, the importance of formulation is underlined. We also discuss the behaviour of ferrocenyl androgens and anti-androgens for possible use against prostate cancers. In sum, ferrocene has proven to be a fascinating substitu-ent due to its vast potential for oncology. Keywords Anti-androgen Á Anti-oestrogen/Anti-oestrogenic Á Breast cancer Á