11.[1-4]Adaptive Cruise Control A Categorical Imperative to the New World in 21ST Century (original) (raw)
Related papers
Adaptive Cruise Control: A Categorical Imperative to the New World in 21ST Century?
Control Theory and Informatics, 2012
With the new millennium upon us, vehicle automation devices such as Adaptive Cruise Control are being offered by major motor manufactures. Over the last five years, the development of these systems has been reflected by the increasing number of publications in technical journals. However, there does not seem to have been a similar effort in the ergonomics literature devoted to the effects of vehicle automation on driving performance. The current paper investigates whether driving performance with automation changes across levels of driver skill. This issue raises substantial practical concerns. As vehicle automation becomes commonplace, the demographics of the driving population which have access to it will become increasingly variable. Therefore, the results are interpreted with respect to issues of litigation and training for inexperienced drivers with automation.
Transportation Research Procedia, 2020
Nowadays, automated driving is one of the most discussed topic in transportation research community and media. Although several studies demonstrated that automated driving could improve road safety and operations, other evidences underscore the emerging nature of this technology and suggest that still much more research is needed before widespread benefits can be realized. One concern is surely related to the understanding if an automation period can reduce fatigue and/or distract drivers, especially when they have been inattentive and involved in a secondary task during highly automated driving. The aim of this study is to assess the driver behaviour after resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. A driving simulator study was designed and forty-three participants drove twice a highway scenario. One drive was without automation, just manual control of the vehicle (FM). In the other drive, the automation was activated in the first half of the drive and the drivers were asked to watch a movie inside the vehicle; then they resumed control from the automation and drove manually the second half of the drive (AM). In both the manual control drives, several expected (car following and passing) and unexpected (sudden brake of leading vehicle) events occurred. Several driving performance were collected, analysed and compared between the two drives for each event. Moreover, subjective measures were also collected by means of NASA-TLX questionnaire to evaluate the workload perceived while driving. The results does not show significant after-effects of the automation on driving performance, although a more dangerous behaviour of drivers who previously had a driving automation period was noted in some cases.
Behavioural effects of Advanced Cruise Control Use
2020
In this study, a meta-analytic approach was used to analyse effects of Advanced Cruise Control (ACC) on driving behaviour reported in seven driving simulator studies. The effects of ACC on three consistent outcome measures, namely, driving speed, headway and driver workload have been analysed. The indicators of speed, headway and workload have been chosen because they are assumed to be directly affected by the ACC support, their relationship with road safety is reasonably established and they are the most frequently used outcome measures in the sample of analysed studies. The results suggest that different operational settings of ACC that are important for the level of support provided by the system, are significant for the effects ACC have on various aspects of driving behaviour, i.e. on mean driving speed and mean time headway. The obtained effect sizes clustered in two groups, with more intervening ACCs having the effects of an increased driving speed and decreased mean time head...
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2013
Driver behaviour Vehicle automation Vehicle control Adaptive behaviour Driving simulator a b s t r a c t Previous research has indicated that high levels of vehicle automation can result in reduced driver situation awareness, but has also highlighted potential benefits of such future vehicle designs through enhanced safety and reduced driver workload. Well-designed automation allows drivers' visual attention to be focused away from the roadway and toward secondary, in-vehicle tasks. Such tasks may be pleasant distractions from the monotony of system monitoring.
The Driver Has Control: Exploring Driving Performance with Varying Automation Capabilities
Proceedings of the 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2015, 2015
As vehicle automation becomes more capable and prevalent, an understanding of how drivers will interact with automation systems of varying capabilities will be of critical importance. In this study, we compare the performance of drivers on takeover of control from varying types of automation systems (single-function and combined function). Participants drove a 20-minute course with sections of automated driving, and with several traffic events designed to elicit a driver response. Structured transfers of control between automated and manual driving modes occurred following a 7-second countdown at fixed locations on the course. Significant differences were found between groups in terms of lanekeeping ability immediately after taking control following a period of automated vehicle control or partial driver/automation control, but significant differences were not found in accident evasion ability, even five seconds after resuming full control.
2012
Researchers use various measurements (e.g., travelling speed, headway to the vehicle in front) to assess the impact that new traffic/transport measures (e.g., changes to road design, introduction of in-vehicle technologies) might have on road safety and on drivers’ behaviour. In the recent years, the measurement of hand position on the steering wheel was proved to be interesting for the assessment of mental workload and perceived risk, with the clear advantage that the hand position can be easily measured both in a driving simulator and naturalistic driving studies. In order to find out more on the topic, a small scale Field Operational Test (FOT), involving 8 participants, was performed to assess the effect that the usage of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) might have on the chosen drivers’ hand position. Video clips of the first 5 participants, using the vehicle in low demanding driving conditions, with and without the ACC, were selected to allow the comparison between the two experi...
Behavioural adaptation to driving with an adaptive cruise control (ACC)
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 1998
The present paper describes a study that aims at assessment of driver behaviour in response to new technology, particularly Adaptive Cruise Control Systems (ACCs), as a function of driving style. In this study possible bene®ts and drawbacks of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems (ACCs) were assessed by having participants drive in a simulator. The four groups of participants taking part diered on reported driving styles concerning Speed (driving fast) and Focus (the ability to ignore distractions), and drove in ways which were consistent with these opinions. The results show behavioural adaptation with an ACC in terms of higher speed, smaller minimum time headway and larger brake force. Driving style group made little dierence to these behavioural adaptations. Most drivers evaluated the ACC system very positively, but the undesirable behavioural adaptations observed should encourage caution about the potential safety of such systems.
Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State
Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2012
This study examined the effect of changes in workload on performance in highly automated and manual driving. Variations in workload were also observed using blink measures. Results showed good driver response to incidents in the highly automated condition and some predictions in workload levels by blink frequency measures.
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2014
Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers' workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.