The Philippine History (original) (raw)
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Colonial and indigenous influences on local power structure in the Philippines
This article explains how colonial and indigenous influences have shaped local power structure in the Philippines by looking at features of colonial and governing systems that have developed over time. The following periodisation is referred to: Spanish Colonisation (1521–1896); the Revolutionary Government (1896–1902) including the Filipino-American War (1898–1902); American Colonisation (1902–1935); Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1945) including Japanese occupation during World War II (1941–1945); the Independent Republic (1946–1972); Dictatorship (1972–1981); and Redemocratisation (1986–1991). Throughout the history of the Philippines, power structure inequality has characterised the political process, preserving the interests of the elite. Patterns of inquality, traditionally based on ownership and accumulation of land, can be traced to Spanish colonial rule when control over farmlands was concentrated within the principalia. Moreover, elite domination of electoral office had historically been assured through limiting suffrage to the educated and landowners. With monetisation of the economy in urban centers, patronage systems have been eroded but elites now use other tools, including coercion, to secure their place. Even in contemporary times, patterns of elite domination persist through democratisation efforts, effecting the rule of what could be considered an “elite” democracy in the country to
The Philippines A Past Revisited Critique Paper by Carl Louie C. Cumpio
2021
Pre-colonial Philippines was a land with numerous tribes under noble chieftains whose very purpose was governing its people, protecting their lands, and claiming new territories to prove their power on the lands. One of the most influential and most advanced were those which have come from Mindanao, which was described by the Spaniards as the most advanced and systematic among all the societies in the country, capable of dominating the country if the course of history took a different route. Before the Spaniards came Philippine's settlements are very simple, barangays are already existing. Villages from different parts of Philippines varies. Manila has an approximate of two thousand residents. Most of Visayas villages are small and found near the sea. Not only in the Visayas but most communities in the Philippines were near the coast one reason for this is because of the country's geographical setup and for food, resources, and efficient transport across different islands. In addition, barangay members are commonly related to each other since power is commonly passed down to relatives. Pre-colonial times the Philippines worshipped their ancestral spirits, gods, and deities of the Earth. This religious practice was headed by Babaylans. Spanish colonialism started to change everything. They stopped the progress of different native communities and they started to unite the whole archipelago through one of which is by Christianity so that they can control it easily. With the crown of Spain, the Spaniards brought Christianity and baptized natives to further engrave themselves into our lands. During the Spaniards occupation Filipinos were displaced from their traditional settlements and were moved into the Friars desired location to put them to their desired use, commonly as workers in fields. Slavery exists in pre-colonial Philippines although they are not what entirely slaves. They are the people who pledge for service to pay their debts. The slavery was not as cruel as those of other nations at the time. Slavery exists at that time because of the different status of people and for different reasons. The power of the political structure shifted when the Spaniards came. Governador-General was placed in the nation as a representative of the King of Spain yet despite this setup, the Friars, leaders of the Churches have gained immense influence over the nation and the decision making of the state. With the changes in the political structure of the nation, the chieftains who once ruled as administrators of the land were replaced by Spanish officials and Friars who acted as rulers of the nation, doing all things which pleased and favoured them in addition to serving the crown of Spain and doing its bidding in the nation.
EARLY SPANISH REIGN OVER THE PHILIPPINES: SOCIAL AND SPRITUAL REMODELING
The Journal of International Civilization Studies, 2016
This paper aims at examining the character of Spain's policy with reference to the Philippines and its sweeping social and religious consequences in the islands between 1565 and 1700. On their arrival in the Philippines the Spaniards found the people still under a tribal allegiance and under the Spanish influence in the sixteenth century a sudden change was made in the social condition of the islands. In 1572, the "galleon trade" was named for the huge ships that carried the merchandise from all over Asia
Assessment Paper | Alternative view of Philippine History
The Philippine History discusses the various events that happened which paved way through the nationhood of the Filipinos. These struggles were a key factor in fully developing the minds of the people and have the drive to seek independence from the different colonizers throughout the years. However, another part of the history which is the Puppet Regimes looks in how the Japanese wanted to prevent the Philippines in becoming an advanced military base. Furthermore, the present puppet republic in the Philippines from Quezon to Marcos will be discussed specifically how they were established and how they used the people for their own interests. Spanish colonial control of the Philippines was maintained by the U.S. Imperialism that led to the prevention of the aspirations of the Filipino people. In the Imperialism of the Americans, they were interested in the source of raw materials using at as a source of funds. Just right after the Filipino revolution failed, the imperialism extracted a large amount of crops such as sugar, coconut as well as minerals for the built factories by the Americans. These raw materials were exported in the United States without any limitation since they lifted the rule. Moreover, peasantry was the dominating class in the society in which the proletariat gradually increased in number for raw material production, trading, and for transportation communications. On the other hand, the petty bourgeoisie remained its place in the society by owning a successful property that made it look forward in formal education by helping some receive college education and any salaried service. This educational system was a core for the control of the U.S. Imperialism where the American troops played a roles as teachers to spread their propaganda and alert the Philippines for self-government. After some time, the Thomasites supported the first teachers from the military to further
"The Philippines: A Past Revisited from the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War"
2021
The "The Philippines: A Past Revisited from the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War" is a book written by Renato Constantino published in year 1975 to discuss and open his thoughts and ideas during the Spanish and American colonization in the Philippines. We all know that the Philippines was colonized by the said countries, and he is the one of many people who introduced a different perspective on what really happened during those times. He is a well-known Filipino historian and part of a leftist tradition of the Philippine historiography. In his book, he exposed a lot of things, traditions, and ways that the Filipinos are not able to have within their own identity and ways. He inducted that we should establish a foundation in which we understand what really happened in the past and how it affects our lives in this present time. We need to revisit our past and focus on the things on what the Filipinos should learn and give identity for themselves. The book itself has 18 chapters, in which every chapter has its own subject and topic. We can explore each chapter and extract each point presented in them. Let us revisit the past and know what truly happened in the colonial period and see if there is a connection and relevance on what happened in the things that is written in the books that reflects our history and with the lives of the Filipinos today. Let us start in the first chapter where it talks about the people's history, in which it must be refined that fits in the views of the Filipinos. Our history is very dependent on our colonizers back then. They run the tempo of our lives and even chose the path of our history and how it should be absorbed by the Filipinos. In short, we are not free to learn our own history and it points towards the history that our colonizers want us to have. But many Filipino historians have their own way of successfully align our history to have a perspective in a Filipino sense. The problem is with in the Filipinos themselves. They are not ready to accept their own history or even build and manifest with their experiences during colonial period. We should have a better understanding regarding on what truly happened in the past. And with this, we can relive and revisit the history of our country.
2018
The origins of the Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histories of three empires that swept onto its shores: the Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese. This history makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation-states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power relationships. Such shifts have included not just regime change but also social revolution. The modernity of the modern Philippines is precisely the effect of the contradictory dynamic of imperialism. The Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese colonial regimes, as well as their postcolonial heir, the Republic, have sought to establish power over social life, yet found themselves undermined and overcome by the new kinds of lives they had spawned. It is precisely this dialectical movement of empires that we find starkly illuminated in the history of the Philippines.