M.A. Jucha, The Early Egyptian Rulers in the Nile Delta: A View from the Necropolis at Tell el-Farkha [in:] A. Hudecz and M. Petrik (eds.), Commerce and Economy in Ancient Egypt. Proceedings of the Third International Congress for Young Egyptologists ……….., BAR S2131, Oxford 2010: 81-87. (original) (raw)
Egyptian presence in the Southern Levant during the late fourth millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age IB, henceforward EB IB), centered in southwestern Israel, is an issue thoroughly studied for several decades. These studies covered every aspect of material culture, relative and absolute chronology, socio-political and economic implications, and more. Scholars characterized this Egyptian presence in different ways: from a military or colonial occupation focusing on the establishment of Egyptian enclaves within local settlements, to a minimal, purely commercial activity with almost no physical Egyptian presence. The current paper will attempt to outline theoretical, cultural, and spatial aspects of encounters between Egyptians and the local Canaanite population based on old and new data from sites like Tel Maaḥaz
New Light on King Narmer and the Protodynastic Egyptian Presence In Canaan
The Biblical archaeologist, 1995
Recent excavations of the new Nahal Tillah Regional Archaeology Proiect are beginning io shed new light on the character of late Protodynastic,/ Early Dynastic Egyptian/Canaanite interaction, cd.3300-3000 rcr. Of key importance are new data concerning the role of one of the earliest historically Lnown Egyptian kings, Narmer, in the expansion of the Nile Valley civilization. One of the central research problems on research the Nahal Tillah project focuses is the nature of core - periphery relations and the impact of core civilizations on their less socially complex neighbors. Specifically how do newly emergent "pristine" civilizations impact and influence culture change in their less socially developed peripheries? These kinds of questions are linked to broader issues of culture evolution, especially the rise of secondary entities in the ancient Near East.
Egypt, Israel and the Ancient Mediterranean World: Studies in Honor of Donald B. Redford, 2004
Egyptian domination was a key factor that defined and shaped Canaan during the Late Bronze Age. Numerous New Kingdom texts attest to ongoing Egyptian economic interests in the region and describe military campaigns to curb uprisings and suppress rebellious Canaanite rulers. In spite of the wealth of textual evidence, the significance of Egyptian-style artifacts found in the southern Levant remains a topic of lively debate and speculation. Theories range from "direct rule" to "elite emulation," the latter a model proposed by C. Higginbotham who attributes Egyptian-style artifacts found in Canaan to emulation by the local elite.2 However in this scholarly discussion, the implications of Egyptian-style pottery found in Canaan have not been properly addressed. Through an examination of the 13th and early 12th century Egyptian-style pottery corpus in Canaan, I propose that there is overwhelming evidence for a noteworthy Egyptian presence at a number of strategically located administrative and military garrison towns in Canaan. Considered in light of the historical texts, the archaeological evidence points to a policy of targeted "direct rule" or Egyptian imperialism in Canaan, rather than elite emulation or colonization.
Agnieszka Mączyńska, Stan Hendrickx, Carla Swerts, Marcin Czarnowicz, Ernst Pernicka, Steve Rosen, Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin, Karolina Rosinska-Balik, Wouter Claes, Morgan De Dapper, Mary Ownby, Köhler Christiana, Amir Golani
The Nile DelTA As A ceNTre Of culTurAl iNTerAcTiONs beTweeN uPPer egyPT AND The sOuTherN levANT iN The 4 th milleNNium bc PrOceeDiNgs Of The cONfereNce helD iN The POZNAN ArchAeOlOgicAl museum, POZNAŃ, POlAND, 21-22 JuNe 2013 POZNAŃ ArchAeOlOgicAl museum sTuDies iN AfricAN ArchAeOlOgy vOl. 13 Editor: AgNiesZkA mącZyŃskA Layout and setting: mAcieJ JórDecZkA Cover designer: mAcieJ JórDecZkA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE NILE DELTA OF EGYPT A GAZETTEER
EES Excavation Memoir 119, 2024
This volume presents the results of a research project extending over four decades on the identification, location and character of the archaeological sites of Lower Egypt, continued since 1997 as the Egypt Exploration Society’s Delta Survey, supported by the British Academy. Data has been gathered from bibliographic sources, dedicated fieldwork and information from Egyptian and foreign missions to present a body of material previously available only in summary online. The present volume provides all the information in enhanced and extended form, with descriptions of each site, noting especially changes in condition over time, previous discoveries and current fieldwork, together with key references to bibliographic or other sources. This is an essential index of the ancient settlements of the Delta, alerting archaeologists and historians to the large cities, small towns, fortress and temple sites that covered the Delta in antiquity. Note minor errata: Abu Tahun, site 252 is at 31˚ 12’ 02”N 30˚ 42’ 22”E. Tell el-Naqus, site 745 is at 30˚ 57’ 03”N 31˚ 26’ 04”E.
2016
The metalwork from Tell el-Farkha is a major assemblage of late 4 th millennium utilitarian copper artefacts, presented in detail by cZArNOwicZ (2012). More than 30 objects were found during excavations in the settlement, with a further seven finds from the cemetery. Fish hooks, harpoons (Fig. ) and knifes dominate, but also several awls, pins with loops (Fig. ) and fragments of bracelets (Fig. ) were found as well as small unidentified pieces, and working debris such as a casting prill and a plain rod. This progress report focuses on three main aspects of the assemblage of metal finds from Tell el-Farkha, namely their microstructure, their chemical composition, and their isotopic composition. This links back to three different choices that the early metal smiths may or may not have taken: how to work the metal, whether they selected or influenced the metal for particular properties determined by its composition, and where they may have obtained the metal from. The first choice provides some insight into how skilled the metal smiths were who produced these artefacts. There are different ways how to shape metal artefacts, and some of the properties of metal depend on how it is being worked. objects can be cast into shape, and then further treated by hammering, either to complete the forming process, or to improve the hardness of the metal, or both. If metal is worked or hammered too much it can become brittle, and annealing, that is re-heating to about half the melting temperature would be necessary to make it soft again and facilitating further deformation through hammering. The microstructure of the metal would show whether it is in its original as-cast state, or whether it has been subsequently deformed through hammering, and/or annealed (e.g. scOTT 1991). Casting and hammering would be relatively basic methods of metal working, while evidence for annealing, which also leaves very characteristic microstructures, would indicate an advanced level of knowledge and experience.
Archaeological Sites in the Nile Delta Landscape (Egypt). Economy, Law, Protection
TOPIARIUS. Studia krajobrazowe, 2018
Northern Egypt was always an unusually important area for our study on the history of ancient Egyptian state. The "country of papyrus" called by Egyptians temehu, their feeder and granary, a communication centre important for contacts with Levant. Several Egyptian capitals were also located here and during the antic period the region became a centre of culture, sciences and the cradle of Coptic religion. Paradoxically, this curious area was until quite lately very poorly investigated. Even now the problems of modern Egypt related with farming activities, demographic development and industrial spread as well as with the traditional way of thinking are clearly visible in this particular important region.