Phytoplankton composition of the Kandalaksha Gulf, Russian White Sea: Dinophysis and lipophilic toxins in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) (original) (raw)
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Toxins
Numerous potentially toxic plankton species commonly occur in the Black Sea, and phycotoxins have been reported. However, the taxonomy, phycotoxin profiles, and distribution of harmful microalgae in the basin are still understudied. An integrated microscopic (light microscopy) and molecular (18S rRNA gene metabarcoding and qPCR) approach complemented with toxin analysis was applied at 41 stations in the northwestern part of the Black Sea for better taxonomic coverage and toxin profiling in natural populations. The combined dataset included 20 potentially toxic species, some of which (Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Gonyaulax spinifera, and Karlodinium veneficum) were detected in over 95% of the stations. In parallel, pectenotoxins (PTX-2 as a major toxin) were registered in all samples, and yessotoxins were present at most of the sampling points. PTX-1 and PTX-13, as well as some YTX variants, were recorded for the first time in the basin. A positive correlation was found be...
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2014
The fine scale vertical distribution of Dinophysis spp. and Protoceratium reticulatum (potential producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins, LSTs) and its relation with LSTs in shellfish was studied in Reloncaví fjord, a strongly stratified system in Southern Chile. Samples were taken over two years from late spring to early autumn (2007-2008 period) and from early spring to late summer (2008-2009 period). Dinophysis spp., in particular Dinophysis acuminata, were always detected, often forming thin layers in the region of the salinity driven pycnocline, with cell maxima for D. acuminata of 28.5 Â 10 3 cells L À 1 in March 2008 and 17.1 Â 10 3 cells L À 1 in November 2008. During the 2008-2009 sampling period, blooms of D. acuminata co-occurred with high densities of cryptophyceans and the ciliate Mesodinium spp. The highest levels of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2; 2.2 ng L À 1) were found in the plankton in February 2009, associated with moderate densities of D. acuminata, Dinophysis tripos and Dinophysis subcircularis (0.1-0.6 Â 10 3 cells L À 1). However, only trace levels of PTX-2 were observed in bivalves at that time. Dinophysistoxin (DTX-1 and DTX-3) levels in bivalves and densities of Dinophysis spp. were not well correlated. Low DTX levels in bivalves observed during a major bloom of D. acuminata in March 2008 suggested that there is a large seasonal intraspecific variability in toxin content of Dinophysis spp. driven by changes in population structure associated with distinct LST toxin profiles in Reloncaví fjord during the study period. A heterogeneous vertical distribution was also observed for P. reticulatum, whose presence was restricted to summer months. A bloom of this species of 2.2 Â 10 3 cells L À 1 at 14 m depth in February 2009 was positively correlated with high concentrations of yessotoxins in bivalves (51-496 ng g À 1) and plankton samples (3.2 ng L À 1). Our results suggest that a review of monitoring strategies for Dinophysis spp. in strongly stratified fjord systems should be carried out. They also indicate that early warning of LST events based on Dinophysis cell numbers are not reliable for seafood control.
Phytoplankton Toxins in the Central Adriatic Sea
Croatica Chemica Acta
The present work contributes to the current topics concerning the production of bioactive polyether toxins as secondary metabolites in dinoflagellates, and their involvement in shellfish poisoning and human intoxication. Toxin analysis in shellfish from the central Adriatic sea, where no previous studies exist, have been carried out. The investigation, using bio-assay and HPLC-directed analysis, led to the identification of the toxins responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP).
Identification of yessotoxin in mussels from the Caucasian Black Sea Coast of the Russian Federation
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2007
The toxin load of shellfish hepatopancreas harvested from the Caucasian Black Sea Coast of the Russian Federation was investigated. The majority of the toxin load was shown to be yessotoxin (YTX), 45-hydroxy-yessotoxin (45-OH-YTX), and homoyessotoxin (homoYTX). Concurrent with the mussel intoxication, the dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera were found in high concentrations.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2016
Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX) and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp. can accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning upon human consumption. Shellfish toxicity is a result of algal abundance and toxicity as well as accumulation and depuration kinetics in mussels. We mass-cultured Dinophysis acuta containing OA, DTX-1b and PTX-2 and fed it to the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis under controlled laboratory conditions for a week to study toxin accumulation and transformation. Contents of OA and DTX-1b in mussels increased linearly with incubation time, and the net toxin accumulation was 66% and 71% for OA and DTX-1b, respectively. Large proportions (≈50%) of both these toxins were transformed to fatty acid esters. Most PTX-2 was transformed to PTX-2 seco-acid and net accumulation was initially high, but decreased progressively throughout the experiment, likely due to esterification and loss of detectability. We also quantifi...
Toxins, 2020
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)−m/z 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the central coast of the Gulf of Maine, USA in 2016 and in 2018 during blooms of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica. Toxin screening by protein phosphatase inhibition (PPIA) first detected the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-like bioactivity; however, confirmatory analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to detect okadaic acid (OA, (M-H)−m/z 803.5), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, (M-H)−m/z 817.5), or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2, (M-H)−m/z 803.5) in samples collected during the bloom. Bioactivity-guided fractionation followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) tentatively identified dihydro-DTX1 in the PPIA active fraction. LC-MS/MS measurements showed an absence...
Toxicon, 1993
HoLel~s. Quantification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and identification of novel protein phosphatase inhibitors in marine phytoplankton and mussels. Toxicon 31, 75-83, 1993 .-Liquid chromatography (LC)-linked protein phosphatase 1/2A (PP-1/PP2A) bioassay was used to quantitatively identify diarrhetic shellfish toxins in marine phytoplankton (cultured and natural assemblages) and commercially available mussels. Using this approach, multiple protein phosphatase inhibitor profiles of varying composition were found in diarrhetic mussels from Holland and Canada . Based on LC elution positions and relative activity versus PP-1 and PP-2A, at least six inhibitors distinct from known diarrhetic shellfish toxins were identified and termed mussel phosphatase inhibitor (MPI) 19,22,23,25,33 and 42. The levels of these inhibitors, in okadaic acid equivalent units, varied from 100 pg to 3350 ng per g shellfish tissue . The combined levels of PP-1/2A inhibitors in all instances superseded that of okadaic acid/dinophysistoxin-1 and may contribute to the diarrhetic shellfish toxin profile of the contaminated mussels. The efficacy of LC-protein phosphatase bioassay was established for cultured phytoplankton where picogram levels of okadaic acid could be detected from microgram extracts of Prorocentnttn lima. Analyses of plankton net tows from estuarine mussel culture sites in Eastern Canada revealed a heterogeneous population of protein phosphatase inhibitors, with dinophysistoxin-1 being most prevalent. This toxin was predominant for at least 2 months in mussel populations in the immediate vicinity of plankton sampling sites. The results are consistent with a hypothetical model in which marine bacteria, cyanobacteria and dinofiagellates combine to produce a variety of protein phosphatase inhibitors effective against signal transduction pathways in higher eukaryotes .
First molecular records of potentially harmful planktonic dinoflagellatesfrom the southern Black Sea
TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 2016
Introduction Dinophytes are unicellular flagellates and they are commonly called dinoflagellates. This group is characterized by flagellar arrangement, cell morphology, and the presence of a dinokaryon, the uniquely modified nucleus of most dinoflagellates (Hallegraeff et al., 2004). The cell periplast (amphiesma) consisted of flat cisternae that appear empty in some species (naked or athecate dinoflagellates) and in other species include cellulosic plates (armored or thecate dinoflagellates) (Van Den Hoek et al., 1995). These alveolate protists are trophically diverse, and about half of the dinoflagellates are phototrophs; the other half are obligate heterotrophs, free-living, or parasitic (Moestrup and Daugbjerg, 2007). Organellar loss is very common in the evolutionary history of the dinoflagellates. However, loss of function may be more common. The loss of photosynthesis has certainly been more frequent than complete loss of plastids (Saldarriaga et al., 2001). Recently, harmful dinoflagellates have received more attention as they pervade in coastal marine systems that are especially influenced by anthropogenic activities. Severe eutrophication, nutrient imbalance, and transport of the toxic strains by ballast waters have degraded aquatic ecosystem health and have created negative consequences for public health and fisheries (Hallegraeff, 2004). Negative outcomes include six types of fish and shellfish poisoning [amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP)], respiratory problems, and drinking water problems (Hackett et al., 2004). In 1942, for example, 114 people living around a coastal lagoon (Lake Hamana) in Japan died after consuming oysters and clams that were later determined to include the toxin venerupin (Grzebyk et al., 1997). This toxin was later attributed to Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J.Schiller. Worldwide over 300 species can form dense blooms among over 5000 marine phytoplankton taxa, while 80 species can produce toxins (Hallegraeff, 2004). About 75%-80% of toxic phytoplankton taxa are dinoflagellates (Cembella, 2003), and they cause harmful algal blooms (HABs) that may kill fish and other marine fauna. The first HAB record for the Black Sea was reported in 1954, and the organism responsible was Exuviaella cordata Ostenfeld, a synonym of an athecate dinoflagellate P.