Eating Meals Irregularly: A Novel Environmental Risk Factor for the Metabolic Syndrome (original) (raw)
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Who is at risk of irregular meal intake? Results from a population-based study
Journal of Public Health, 2011
Aim Irregular meal intakes have several harmful effects on health and yet it is largely unknown which factors are related to irregular meal intakes. In order to understand variations in regularity of meal intakes, associations between sociodemographics, health conditions, health behaviours, work characteristics and meal intakes were studied. Subject and methods Cross-sectional data of 2,395 men and 2,419 women (45-75 years) participating in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, a population-based prospective cohort study in Germany, were analysed. Information on the regularity of breakfast, lunch and supper intake was obtained from a self-reported questionnaire. Multivariate ordinal regression models were run to estimate associations between sociodemographics, health conditions, health behaviours, work characteristics and meal intakes. Results Findings confirm an association between age [odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-0.97], number of household members (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79-0.95), diabetes (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50-0.84), fruit and vegetable consumption (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.54-0.73) and regular meal intakes. High body mass index (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06), being divorced, separated or widowed (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.10), smoking (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.51-2.11) and daily working hours (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.08) were related to irregular meal intakes. Conclusion These results indicate that indicators of social support such as number of household members or marital status, other health behaviours and work conditions influence the regularity of meal intakes rather than socioeconomic conditions per se.
Public health nutrition, 2015
The objective was to investigate whether irregular eating of meals in adolescence predicts the metabolic syndrome and its components in adulthood, and if any specific meal is of particular importance. Prospective cohort study with 27 years of follow-up. Information on meals (breakfast, school lunch and dinner with family), lifestyle (alcohol consumption, smoking habits, physical activity, consumption of sweets and pastries) at age 16 years was assessed from questionnaires, and presence or not of the metabolic syndrome and its components were defined at age 43 years in 889 participants (82·1 % of total cohort). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals. The Northern Swedish Cohort; all school-leavers of the 9th grade in the town Luleå in 1981. Adolescents (age 16 years). Irregular eating of meals at age 16 years was associated with higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years (OR=1·74; 95 % CI 1·12, 2·71), but this was explained by ...
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2016
Studying irregular meal patterns fits in with the latest research focusing not only on what people eat but also when they eat, also called chrono-nutrition. Chrono-nutrition involves studying the impact of nutrition on metabolism via circadian patterns, including three aspects of time: (ir)regularity, frequency and clock time. The present paper aimed to narratively review research on irregular meal patterns and cardiometabolic consequences. Only few cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies were identified, and most of these suggested that eating meals irregularly is associated with a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors, including BMI and blood pressure. This was supported by two randomised controlled intervention studies showing that consuming meals regularly for 2 weeks v. an irregular meal pattern, led to beneficial impact on cardiometabolic risk factors as lower peak insulin, lower fasting total and LDL-cholesterol, both in lean an...
International journal of obesity (2005), 2014
A potential risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases is irregular or inconsistent eating, however, research on this topic is scarce. We aimed to study associations between irregular consumption of energy intake in meals and cardiometabolic risk factors. Dietary intake data were derived from 5-day estimated diet diaries of 1768 participants of the National Survey of Health and Development. Energy intakes during predefined meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, between meals) and daily totals were analyzed using a score for irregularity based on the deviation from the 5-day mean energy intake. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for having the metabolic syndrome or one of its components. Models were adjusted for sex, physical activity, socioeconomic status, marital status and smoking. Irregularity scores of energy intake ranged from 0-160 and were highest for between meals. An increased risk of the metabolic syndrome was ass...
Meal Timing, Meal Frequency and Metabolic Syndrome
Individuals with metabolic syndrome have increased risk for developing health conditions, in-cluding cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Modifiable risk factors, such as exercise and diet, are key components in the prevention and control of metabolic syndrome. Specifically, dietary pat-terns and habits are extremely successful in controlling more than one of the metabolic syn-drome risk factors. Meal timing and frequency have been associated with type 2 diabetes, cardi-ovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions. However, there is limited evidence linking metabolic syndrome to meal timing and meal frequency. This review summarizes and discusses how meal timing and frequency impact metabolic outcomes in adults.
The British journal of nutrition, 2015
Irregularity in eating patterns could be a potential cardiometabolic risk factor. We aimed to study the associations of irregular intake of energy at meals in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors 10 and 17 years later. Variability of energy intake data - derived from 5-d estimated diet diaries of cohort members of the National Survey for Health and Development collected at ages 36 (n 1416), 43 (n 1505) and 53 years (n 1381) - was used as a measure for irregularity. Associations between meal irregularity scores with cardiometabolic risk factors measured 10 and 17 years later were investigated using linear mixed models and logistic regression models. The results showed that irregularity scores changed significantly over the years (P<0·05). At age 36 years, subjects with a more irregular intake of energy at lunch (OR 1·42; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·91) and between meals (OR 1·35; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·82) had an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome 17 years later; at lunch was also associa...
Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2018
Background and Aims: Diet is a potential factor contributing to the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). This longitudinal study with repeated measurements of dietary intake was thus conducted to examine the longitudinal association between major dietary patterns and risk of MetS. Methods and Results: The study was conducted within the framework of the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS), in which 1387 participants were followed from 2001 to 2013. Validated food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting serum lipids and blood sugars were evaluated in three phases of the study. Mixed effect Logistic and Cumulative Logit regressions were applied to evaluate the longitudinal associations between dietary patterns change and MetS and number of MetS components. Three dietary patterns identified: Healthy, Iranian and Western dietary patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, the higher scores of Healthy diet was inversely associated with the risk of MetS and number of MetS components (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.36-0.70, OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.39-0.70, respectively). The more adherence to Iranian diet was positively associated with the risk of MetS and number of MetS components (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65, OR: 1.45, 95%CI: 1.16-1.81, respectively). The Western dietary pattern did not show any significant associations. Conclusion: Adherence to a Healthy diet was associated with lower risk of MetS even in a developing country setting. However, Iranian diet was positively associated with the risk of MetS. These results may guide the development of improved preventive nutrition interventions in this adult population.
Background: The results of several papers have confirmed the existence of correlations between an unhealthy diet and the presence of metabolic syndrome. However, relationships between eating habits and metabolic obesity with normal weight have not yet been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study is to determine which dietary patterns are present in individuals with a normal BMI and to find out whether those patterns were connected with the risk of metabolic syndrome and its features. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a group of 2479 subjects with a normal weight (BMI = 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m 2 ), aged between 37 – 66. The study included the evaluation of eating habits, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure tests and the analysis of the collected fasting-blood samples, on the basis of which cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels were determined. Dietary patterns were determined by means of factor analysis. Results: In the group of individuals with a normal BMI, four dietary patterns were distinguished: “ healthy ” , “ fat, meat and alcohol ” , “ prudent ” and “ coca cola, hard cheese and French fries ” . After controlling for potential confounders, subjects in the highest tertile of prudent dietary pattern scores had a lower odds ratio for the metabolic obesity normal weight) (odds ratio: 0.69; 95 % CI: 0.53-0.89; p < 0.01) and low HDL cholesterol (odds ratio: 0.77; 95 % CI: 0.59- 0.99; p < 0.05), in comparison to those from the lowest tertile, whereas the individuals in the second tertile had a higher odds ratio for the increased blood glucose concentration than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio: 0.74; 95 % CI: 0.57-0.96; p < 0.05). Conclusion: A dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of fish and whole grains, and a low consumption of refined grains, sugar, sweets and cold cured meat, is connected with lower risk of metabolic obesity normal weight as well as with the lower risk of low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased glucose concentration.
Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2015
Aims: Considering that diet is a potential factor contributing to the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and it is increasingly prevalent among population worldwide, the aim of the present study was to correlate dietary patterns with MetS and its main risk factors in adults.
Food consumption, nutrient intake and the risk of having metabolic syndrome: the DR's EXTRA Study
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011
The associations of different components of diet with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are largely unknown. We therefore studied the associations of intakes of selected food items and nutrients with the risk of having MetS. Methods: The participants were a representative population sample of 1334 individuals (671 women, 663 men) 57-78 years of age. Dietary intake was assessed by a 4-day food record. MetS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Results: Consumption of vegetables, non-root vegetables, legumes and nuts berries and fish had an inverse and consumption of sausage had a direct association with the risk of having MetS in men after adjustment for age, smoking and alcohol consumption. Consumption of vegetables and non-root vegetables had an inverse and consumption of sausage had a direct association with the risk of having MetS in women after these adjustments. However, after further adjustment for maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) most of these associations vanished. Men in the highest third of consumption of berries, fish, and legumes and nuts had 49, 37 and 44% lower risk of having MetS, respectively, than those in the lowest third after further adjustment for VO 2max . Women in the highest third of sausage consumption had a 72% higher risk of having MetS than non-consumers. Conclusions: Consumption of legumes and nuts, berries and fish was inversely associated with MetS in men. Consumption of sausage was directly associated with MetS in women. VO 2max seems to be a strong confounding factor between food consumption and MetS.