Pobreza Multidimensional no Brasil: uma análise de sua incidência, intensidade e índice (original) (raw)

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), as adopted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is being developed by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) since 2010, in accordance with the new international analytical paradigm of the poverty phenomenon, i.e. overcome the monetarist-dimensional perspective and establish multidimensional-based indicators of health, education and standard of living. This multidimensional approach implies the development of a polysemic diagnostic of poverty, earning a higher reliability analysis and incorporating a plural vision of the phenomenon with a significant impact on the design and implementation of social policies. The concept of multidimensionality is anchored in the theory of poverty and human development produced in the 1980s by the Indian economist Amartya Sen. This concept restores the idea of social justice as a strategy for overcoming the condition of under-development and focuses on the principles of freedom and the capabilities of individuals. The methodology used for modelling is based on Alkire and Foster (2011) and analyses the incidence and intensity of poverty, i.e. the percentage of poor individuals and the average distance that these individuals are from the situation of non-poverty. The Global MPI was originally conceived from three dimensions and ten indicators for sustainability of a comparative analysis between countries. However, it is sensitive to adjustments to new dimensions, indicators, runs, weights or cut-offs since it is flexible and adaptable to various contexts. From the theoretical and methodological assumptions mentioned above, this proposal focuses on the application of the MPI in Brazil using the National Household Sample Survey produced IBGE in 2002, 2007, 2012, 2013. The analysis is divided into macro-regions and urban/rural areas to create a more accurate and calibrated poverty diagnosis. The feasibility of this contextualized analysis and strategically detailed provides a multidimesnisonal measurement and identification of pockets of poverty, contributing to the development of social policies with a greater degree of targeted accuracy and maximizing the expected results. The results indicate that Brazil has an important incidence of multidimensional poverty of 16,27% for 2002 and 5,15% for 2013, with significant reduction and an intensity of 42,86% (2002) and 37,85% (2013) relatively stable. The MPI is 6,97% (2002) and 1,95% (2013), indicating a tendency to decrease between years. The disaggregated results by macro-regions indicate a significant social contrast between rich regions, located along macro South and Southeast, and poor regions, along Northeast and North. They also indicate a higher prevalence of poverty in the rural area when contrasted with the urban area, while the intensity of poverty is only slightly more pronounced. Key Words: Multidimensional Poverty, Incidence, Intensity, Index, Brazil