Effects of urbanization on gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in a coastal city, China: levels, sources, and health risks (original) (raw)
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In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM 10 were measured to examine the status, characteristics and sources of atmospheric PAH pollution in the industrial Northeast Region of China. Mean concentrations of total PAHs were 65.5, 40.0, 73.0 and 436.7 ng m À3 in the four seasons respectively. The calculated BaPeq concentrations in winter all exceeded the national standard, imposing serious PAH exposure risk. PAH concentrations varied between the cities, but PAH concentrations in different functional areas within a city did not show significant difference. In general, particulate PAH profiles were dominated by 4-and 5-ring compounds. Elevated proportions of 3-ring PAHs and 5-ring PAHs were found in winter and in summer respectively. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify potential sources of PAHs. Coal combustion activities were the main contributors of particle-associated PAHs in this region.
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In this study, the ambient persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations were measured for 12 months at urban and semi-urban areas using the passive air sampler. During the sampling period, a total of 14 PAH (∑14PAH) concentrations measured in urban and semi-urban areas were found as 54.4 ± 22.6 ng/m3 and 51.7 ± 34.3 ng/m3, respectively. Molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs) were used to determine PAH sources. According to the MDR values, combustion sources are the most important PAH sources in both sampling areas. However, since the urban area is close to the industrial zone, the combustion sources occurred at high temperatures (> 800 oC), while the semi-urban area generally consisted of burning petrogenic fuels. ∑50PCB concentrations measured in the urban and semi-urban areas were found as 522.5 ± 196.9 pg/m3 and 439.5 ± 166.6 pg/m3, respectively. Homologou...
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Understanding the seasonal variations of sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air in urban region is important to the effective control of air pollution in the region. Based on a year round dataset (from August 2008 to July 2009), the sources of atmospheric PAHs in Harbin, a typical Chinese northeastern urban city, were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The average total (gas plus particulate) PAH concentration varied from 6.3 ng m À3 to 340 ng m À3 with a mean of 100 ± 94 ng m À3 , with higher concentrations in heating season than those in non-heating season. PCA and PMF identified similar source factors to atmospheric PAHs with obvious seasonal variation. The results obtained by PMF method indicated that the main sources were coal-fired boiler (39%), diesel engine (34%) and coal average (22%) in heating season and traffic emissions (59%), ground evaporation (18%) and coal average (17%) in non-heating season. Excellent correlation coefficients between predicted and measured concentrations of PAHs indicated that PMF was a useful model for source apportionment of PAHs in atmosphere.
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Ambient concentrations of 26 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) with 2-to 5-rings were investigated in a Japanese urban city from December 2004 to December 2005. All the targeted ClPAHs were detected in either the gaseous or particulate phase. During the study, the ambient (gaseous + particulate) concentration of total ClPAH ranged from 18 to 330 pg m-3. The concentrations of gaseous ClPAHs tended to be 2 ∼ 100 times higher than those of particulate ClPAHs. A seasonal variability of both gaseous and particulate ClPAH concentrations was observed, with higher concentrations in winter than in summer. A compositional analysis also showed a characteristic trend: relatively low molecular weight ClPAHs dominated in warmer seasons, and high molecular weight ClPAHs dominated in colder seasons. For some ClPAHs, temperature dependence of gas-phase concentrations was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and temperature accounted for 27-63% of the variability in their concentrations. The natural logarithm of total concentrations of particulate ClPAHs were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the reciprocal mean temperatures, but not for gaseous ClPAHs, suggesting that there are differences of the sources and ambient fates between gaseous and particulate ClPAHs. Back trajectory analyses suggested that air masses, originating from China, were associated with the highest ClPAH concentrations.
Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong
Atmospheric Environment, 2003
PM 2.5 and PM 10 samples were collected at two sampling sites in Hong Kong in wintertime from November 2000 to March 2001 and in summertime from June to August 2001. The concentrations of 16 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols were quantified. Spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs were characterized. The dominated PAHs in PM 2.5 and PM 10 included benzo[b]fluoranthene, pyrene, fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and chrysene, accounting for 50-82% of total PAHs. The sum of 16 PAHs in PM 2.5 at roadside ranged from 3 to 330 ng/m 3 , and in PM 10 between 5 and 297 ng/m 3 , whereas at a residential/industrial/commercial site, the total PAHs in PM 2.5 was from 0.5 to 122 ng/m 3 , and 2-269 ng/m 3 in PM 10. Results indicated that most of the PAHs were in the PM 2.5 fraction. Spatial variations were predominantly due to the difference of source strength. For both PM 2.5 and PM 10 , the total PAHs at PU site was higher than that at KT site. The average concentrations of individual PAHs in aerosols at PU site were also higher than that at KT site. Higher winter PAHs concentrations and lower summer concentrations were observed at the two sites. Higher winter PAHs concentrations were mainly caused by local emission sources superimposed by highly polluted air masses from Mainland China. The lower summer PAHs concentrations were likely due to easier dispersion of air pollutants, washout effects and to a lesser extent, photo-degradation and higher percentage in the air in vapor phase. Potential sources of PAHs in aerosols were identified using the diagnostic ratios between PAHs and PCA analysis. At PU site, vehicular emissions were the main contributors of particle-associated PAHs, and stationary combustion sources may also contribute to the particulate PAHs. On the contrary, at the KT site, PAHs in aerosols were predominantly from gasoline and diesel engines.