Experiments on the synthesis of carotenoid glycosides (original) (raw)
Related papers
Carotenoids Biosynthesis – a review
Plants synthesized an enormous variety of metabolites that can be classified into two groups based on their functions: primary metabolites, which participate in nutrition and essential metabolic processes within the plant, and secondary metabolites (also referred to as natural products), which influence ecological interactions between plants and their environment. The carotenoids pigments are secondary metabolites of isoprenoid origin. Despite their diversity of functions and structures, all isoprenoids derive from the common five-carbon (C 5) building units isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). More complex isoprenoids are usually formed by «head-to-tail» or «head-to-head» addition of isoprene units. The most prevalent tetrater-penes (C 40) are carotenoids, which are pigments in many flowers and fruits. In this paper we discuss some aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. The pathway involves a series of desaturations, cyclizations, hydroxylations, and epoxidations, commencing with the formation of phytoene. The pathway begins with the synthesis of IPP from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and/or methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Resumo As plantas sintetizam uma enorme variedade de metabolitos, que podem ser classificados em dois grupos, de acordo com as suas funções: metabolitos primários, que participam na nutrição e processos metabólicos essenciais no interior da própria planta, e metabolitos secundários (também referidos como produtos naturais), os quais influenciam as interacções ecológicas entre as plantas e o ambiente. Os carotenóides são metabolitos secundários derivados do isopreno. O isopentenil-pirofosfato (IPP) é a unidade básica para a biossíntese dos carotenóides. O esqueleto carbonado dos carotenóides é sintetizado por adição sucessiva das unidades em C 5 que vão formar geranil-geranilpirofosfato, intermediário em C 20 que por condensação origina a estrutura em C 40. Recentemente assumia-se que todos os isoprenóides se sintetizavam a partir do acetil-CoA via ácido mevalónico. Estudos recentes mostraram que o percurso metabólico começa com a síntese do IPP via ácido mevalónico (MVA) e/ou via metileritritol 4-fosfato (MEP). Neste trabalho discutem-se os avanços no conhecimento destas diferentes vias metabólicas assim como as enzimas e
Partial synthesis of serum carotenoids and their metabolites
Acta Biochimica Polonica, 2012
Human serum and tissues contain in excess of 12 dietary carotenoids and several metabolites that originate from consumption of fruits and vegetables. Among these are hydroxycarotenoids: (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (1), (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (2), (3R,6'R)-α-cryptoxanthin (3), and (3R)-β-cryptoxanthin (4). In addition, several dehydration products of 1 have also been identified in human serum, these are: (3R,6'R)-3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-carotene (5), (3R,6'R)-3-hydroxy-2',3'-didehydro-β,ε-carotene (6), and (3R)-3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-β,β-carotene (7). Several metabolites of 1 and/or 2, namely, (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein, 8) and (3R,3'S;meso)-zeaxanthin (9) have also been characterized in human serum and ocular tissues. Semi-synthetic processes have been developed that separately transform commercially available 1 into 4 via 7 as well as 1 into 8. While 8 is converted into 2 by base-catalyzed isomerization, 7 is tran...
A new approach to the synthesis of glycosides
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1993
An new approach towards glycosides, which obviates the use of promoters and depends upon the acihty of the glycosyl acceptor is proposed to achieve regioselective glycosidation. Glycosylidene mbenes, generated under thermal or photolytic conditions from 0benzylated or 0-acylated 1-azi-glycoses, or from glycono-l,5-(or 1,4)-lactone tosylhydrazones react with hydroxy compounds to yield glycosides. The preparation of these precursors, their structure, their thermal stability, and their products of thermolysis are discussed. A mechanism is proposed to explain and predict the reaction of 1-azi-glycoses with mono-, di-, and triols. Protonation of the carbene in the o-plane leads to an ion-pair, which cannot immediately form glycosides. The fate of this ion pair depends upon the pK of the glycosyl acceptor, inter-and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the direction of H-bonds, the presence of a neighbouring group at C(2), the configuration of the glycosyl acceptor, the solvent, and the temperature. Strongly acidic hydroxy compounds give glycosides in high yields and stereoselectively. Successful regio-and stereoselective glycosidation of diols and triols depends strongly upon intra-(and inter)molecular hydrogen bonds, both between the hydroxy goups of the acceptor and between functional groups of the donor and hydroxy groups of the acceptor. This is illustrated by a number of significant cases. For some of them, regioselectivity is complementary to the one observed in glycosidations of the Koenigs-Knorr-type, for others it is not. Reasons for this are discussed. Other cases present the preferential glycosylation of secondary hydroxy groups in the presence of a primary one, and the selective formation of aD -glycosides of M A C and GlcNAc. Intramolecular reactions of alkoxyalkyl carbenes are illustrated by a new method for the formation of benzylidene acetals under basic conditions, and by a new synthesis of homobenzofurans. New reactions, leading to the formation of C,C bonds at the anomeric centre are presented: the synthesis of spiro-oxiranes, of dialkoxy-spiro-cyclo opanes, and of the first glycosylated, enantiomdcally pure derivatives of Cmbuckminst&erene.
Molecules, 2012
A listing of carotenoids with heteroatoms (X = F, Cl, Br, I, Si, N, S, Se, Fe) directly attached to the carotenoid carbon skeleton has been compiled. The 178 listed carotenoids with C,H,X atoms demonstrate that the classical division of carotenoids into hydrocarbon carotenoids (C,H) and xanthophylls (C,H,O) has become obsolete.
Carotenoids, Omayma A. Eldahshan and Abdel Nasser B. Singab, J Pharmacog Phytochem (2013) 2: 225-234
Carotenoids form one of the most important classes of plant pigments and play a crucial role in defining the quality parameters of fruit and vegetables. Carotenoids are of great interest due to their essential biological functions in both plants and animals. Herein, the review article discuss how carotenoids synthesised in plants leading to different types, their role in plants and biological activities to human and all details concerning the most important carotenoids in our life
Hydrophilic Carotenoids: Recent Progress
Molecules, 2012
Carotenoids are substantially hydrophobic antioxidants. Hydrophobicity is this context is rather a disadvantage, because their utilization in medicine as antioxidants or in food chemistry as colorants would require some water dispersibility for their effective uptake or use in many other ways. In the past 15 years several attempts were made to synthetize partially hydrophilic carotenoids. This review compiles the recently synthetized hydrophilic carotenoid derivatives.
Carotenoids, 2017
Pigments can be divided into four categories: natural, nature-identical, synthetic, and inorganic colors. Artificial colorants are the most used in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their advantages related to color range, price, resistance to oxygen degradation, and solubility. However, many natural pigments present health-promoting activities that make them an interesting option for human use and consumption. Natural colorants are derived from sources such as plants, insects, and microorganisms. Carotenoids are natural pigments with important biological activities, such as antioxidant and pro-vitamin A activity, that can be either extracted from plants and algae or synthesized by various microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, and microalgae. Advantages of microbial production include the ability of microorganisms to use a wide variety of low cost substrates, the better control of cultivation, and the minimized production time. After fermentation, carotenoids are usually recovered by cell disruption, solvent extraction, and concentration. Subsequent purification steps are followed depending on the application. The most prominent industrial applications of carotenoids, considering their health benefits, are in the food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries.