Examination of the failure of 3D woven composites (original) (raw)
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Analysis of Three-Dimensional Woven Composites
2017
Three finite element meshes with increasing refinement, ranging from 62k to 2 million nodes, were created for a 3D orthogonally interlocked composite textile based on geometry generated by VTMS. Each mesh was subjected to uniaxial extension in the plane of the textile, and the stresses predicted by each of the three meshes were used to understand the convergence and stress distributions within each constituent. The coarse model predicted volume average stresses within 22% of those predicted by the refined model, while the model with a medium refinement predicted values within 7%. The most severe stress component within each type of tow was investigated. The transverse normal stress σσyyyy MM in the ydirection tows was the most severe, which indicates that matrix cracking within the y-direction tows perpendicular to the applied load is most likely to occur before failure in other tows. For the severe stress components, the maximum stress in the material increased with increasing mesh...
Uniaxial Tensile Stress-Strain Response on the 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composite
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2019
An experimental study have been performed to investigate the uniaxial tensile stress-strain response on the 3D angle interlock (3DAI) woven fabric composite. The tensile analysis were examined based on different woven fabric set-up parameter of draw-in plan ; pointed (DRW 1), broken (DRW 2), broken mirror (DRW 3), and straight (DRW 4). Meanwhile, the woven fabric composite were produced based on 22 and 25 pick.cm-1 of weft densities. The outcomes produced shown that woven composite sample with 25 pick.cm-1 on DRW 4 projected the highest stress response, 113 MPa. Extensive review indicated that DRW 1 and 4 gave better tensile stress-strain response than the other counterpart.
Mechanical characterisation of composite materials with 3D woven reinforcement architectures
2016
The use of traditional two-dimensional (2D) fibre preforms can be associated with poor outof-plane and interlaminar mechanical performance, particularly in response to impact loads. Such preforms comprise multiple plies which necessitate labour-intensive ply cutting and assembly steps. 3D woven textiles, due to the incorporation of through-thickness yarns, have been found to exhibit superior out-of-plane mechanical properties whilst simultaneously reducing ply-assembly time and cost (single-piece preform construction). Their delamination resistance and damage tolerance have been extensively investigated over the last number of years; however, there is a paucity of published work on their inplane and out-of-plane mechanical properties when compared to their 2D counterparts. Thus, this research details a comprehensive mechanical characterisation of an orthogonal 3D woven composite in comparison with a suitable 2D laminate. Composite panels have been manufactured with Henkel’s Loctite ...
Study of changes in 3D-woven multilayer interlock fabric preforms while forming
Journal of The Textile Institute, 2012
Multilayer woven reinforcements are increasingly employed in the domain of composite materials. Delamination occurrence and resultant failure of a laminated composite piece subjected to high vibrations, is an issue of much concern in aeronautics. The situation becomes more complex in case of bended/curved pieces. In order to improve through the thickness mechanical properties, 3D-woven multilayer interlock fabric is used as composite reinforcement. Structural changes, i.e. thickness change, relative slippage of layers, change in tow aspect ratio and change of orientation of the tows columns, etc. occur in such fabrics during the forming process. These changes may lead to the gradient of the resin amount in composite, internal stresses and variations of mechanical properties in the piece. No significant research has been conducted on this aspect. Lack of knowledge or neglecting these changes may lead to prejudicial estimations of ultimate mechanical properties and fracture analysis. In the present article, the changes that occurred in 5-layer and 13-layer 3D-woven multilayer interlock fabrics have been studied, when moulded at five different angles and two different bending radii. A significant change in thickness, tow aspect ratio, tow orientation and relative layer slippage is observed.
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2018
Three-dimensional multilayer woven composites are mostly used in high-performance applications due to their excellent out-of-plane mechanical performance. The current research presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of three-dimensional orthogonal layer-to-layer interlock composites. The glass filament yarn and carbon tows were used as reinforcement in warp and weft directions respectively, whereas epoxy was used as a resin for composite fabrication. Three different types of orthogonal layer to layer interlock namely warp, weft, and bi-directional interlock composites were fabricated and the effect of interlocking pattern on their mechanical performance was evaluated. The evaluation of the mechanical performance was made on the basis of tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength, and dynamic mechanical analysis of composites in warp and weft directions. It was found that warp and weft interlock composites showed better tensile behavior as compared...
Assessment of the mechanical properties of a new 3D woven fibre composite material
Composites Science and Technology, 2009
Fully interlaced 3D fabric is produced by a new weaving technology, and it is here utilised to produce woven carbon fibre preforms, which are then used as reinforcement in composite materials. The purpose of this study is to assess the mechanical performance of this new type of composite material. A prototype loom was used to weave preforms with a rectangular cross section where all warp and weft yarns were fully interlaced in plain weave. Tensile, compressive, out-of-plane, shear and flexural properties of the composite flat-beam specimens were tested. The in-plane stiffness and strength were found to be lower, while the out-of-plane properties were higher compared to conventional 2D laminates. In terms of strength, it was not possible to quantify the difference, since the specimens with 3D woven material exhibited other failure modes than those tested for.
Through-the-Thickness Tensile Strength of Textile Composites
Composite Materials: Testing and Design: Twelfth Volume
A series of tests was run to characterize the through-the-thickness tensile strength for a variety of composites that included 2D and 3D braids, 2D and 3D weaves, and prepreg tapes, A new test method based on a curved beam was evaluated, The through-the-thickness deformations were characterized using moir_ interferometry. Failures were significantly different between the 2D and 3D materials. The 2D materials delaminated between layers due to out-of-plane tensile stresses. The strength of the 2D textile composites did not increase relative to the tapes. The 3D materials failed due to the formation of radial cracks caused by high circumferential stresses along the inner radius. A circumferential crack similar to the 2D materials produced the final failure. Final failure in the 3D materials occurred at a lower bending moment than in the other materials. The early failures were caused by radial crack formation rather than a low through-the-thickness strength. DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 _ f_ __n¢._ this t_lm, m winston H__qum,__'_.
The Failure Mechanism of Composite Stiffener Components Reinforced with 3D Woven Fabrics
Materials
Composite industry has long been seeking practical solutions to boost laminate through-thickness strengths and interlaminar shear strengths (ILSS), so that composite primary structures, such as stiffeners, can bear higher complex loadings and be more delamination resistant. Three dimensional (3D) woven fabrics were normally employed to render higher transverse and shear strengths, but the difficulty and high expense in producing such fabrics make it a hard choice. Based on a novel idea that the warp yarns that interlock layers of the weft yarns might provide adequate fiber crimps that would allow the interlaminar shear or radial stresses to be transferred and borne by the fibers, rather than by the relatively weaker matrix resin, thus improving the transverse strengths, this work provided a two point five dimensional (2.5D) approach as a practical solution, and demonstrated the superior transverse performances of an economical 2.5D shallow-bend woven fabric (2.5DSBW) epoxy composite...
Manufacturing near-net shape preforms of fibre-reinforced composites has received growing interest from industry. Traditionally, a preform was made from 2D fabrics, but recently, it has been shown that 3D textiles can be used with success; with weaving being the predominant technology for carbon fibre composites. In 3D weaving, weft, warp and binder fibres run across, along and through the fabrics in the X, Y and Z directions , respectively. Producing a unitised single-piece fabric and subsequently reducing the takt time required for rapid composite manufacturing are two of the main advantages of using 3D woven preforms. Weaving of 3D fabrics, manufacturing of 3D composites, physical characterisation and mechanical testing of infused composites samples are discussed in this chapter. Finally, a large automotive composite made of single-piece 3D woven preform was manufactured and presented for demonstration.
Chapter 4 3 D Woven Composites : From Weaving to Manufacturing
2018
Manufacturing near-net shape preforms of fibre-reinforced composites has received growing interest from industry. Traditionally, a preform was made from 2D fabrics, but recently, it has been shown that 3D textiles can be used with success; with weaving being the predominant technology for carbon fibre composites. In 3D weaving, weft, warp and binder fibres run across, along and through the fabrics in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. Producing a unitised single-piece fabric and subsequently reducing the takt time required for rapid composite manufacturing are two of the main advantages of using 3D woven preforms. Weaving of 3D fabrics, manufacturing of 3D composites, physical characterisation and mechanical testing of infused composites samples are discussed in this chapter. Finally, a large automotive composite made of single-piece 3D woven preform was manufactured and presented for demonstration.