The Context of the Cease-Fire Decision in the 1965 India-Pakistan War (original) (raw)

The Sources of Military Change in India: An Analysis of Evolving Strategies and Doctrines towards Pakistan

Military change in India has been a function of the evolving capabilities of Pakistan and China and the limited resources available for modernisation. Consequently, most changes in military goals and organisational structures have been incremental and adaptive. Limited resources have also meant that India’s military effort has principally focused upon the immediate threat from Pakistan. The more latent challenge from China has been dealt with mainly through diplomacy at the bilateral and multilateral levels. Major change has occurred only in India’s strategy and service doctrines vis-à-vis Pakistan. India’s strategy towards Pakistan has evolved from annihilation in full-scale war until the late 1980s to exhaustion in limited war since then, mainly as a result of Pakistan’s acquisition of nuclear weapons capability. And given the imperative of attaining a swift victory before international diplomatic or military intervention ensued, the Army’s doctrine has evolved from attrition to manoeuvre and now, in the Cold Start doctrine, to a creative combination of attrition, manoeuvre and surprise. The Air Force doctrine has successively evolved from attaining a favourable air situation to command of the air to in-theatre air superiority. And the Navy’s doctrine has evolved from security of the coast to limited command of the sea.

india pak relation

Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex due to a number of historical and political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

inter.paper.docx

The history of the Republic of India begins on 26 January 1950. The country became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the partition of India. The partition led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people. Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, but the leader most associated with the independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi, accepted no office. The new constitution of 1950 made India a democratic country.

[2]. S. Pramanik & T.K. Roy.2014. Neutrosophic Game Theoretic Approach to Indo-Pak Conflict over Jammu-Kashmir. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems (NSS) 2, 82-101. USA. (ISSN 2331-6055 (print), ISSN 2331-608X (online))

The study deals with the enduring conflict between India and Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir since 1947. The ongoing conflict is analyzed as an enduring rivalry; characterized by three major wars (1947-48), 1965, 1971, low intensity military conflict (Siachen), mini war at Kargil (1999), internal insurgency, cross border terrorism. We examine the progress and the status of the dispute, as well as the dynamics of the India Pakistan relationship by considering the influence of USA and China in crisis dynamics. We discuss the possible solutions offered by the various study groups and persons. Most of the studies were done in crisp environment. Pramanik and Roy (S. Pramanik and T.K. Roy, Game theoretic model to the Jammu-Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. International Journal of Mathematical Archive (IJMA), 4(8) (2013), 162-170.) studied game theoretic model toJammu and Kashmir conflict in crisp environment. In the present study we have extended the concept of the game theori...

An Appreciation of the Pakistani Military Thought Process

The military has played a dominant role in making strategic decisions in Pakistan. Like any other military in the world, Pakistan Army has an institutionalised method of problem analysis. This is known as the 'appreciation of the situation'. This involves a careful scrutiny of four factors; namely, ground and weather, enemy situation, own situation, and time and space. This timetested method has been used repeatedly during peace and war to arrive at pertinent conclusions, for making appropriate plans to deal with different contingencies.