Tyrosine phosphorylation of plant tubulin (original) (raw)
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Tubulin tyrosine nitration regulates microtubule organization in plant cells
Frontiers in plant science, 2013
During last years, selective tyrosine nitration of plant proteins gains importance as well-recognized pathway of direct nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction. Plant microtubules are one of the intracellular signaling targets for NO, however, the molecular mechanisms of NO signal transduction with the involvement of cytoskeletal proteins remain to be elucidated. Since biochemical evidence of plant α-tubulin tyrosine nitration has been obtained recently, potential role of this posttranslational modification in regulation of microtubules organization in plant cell is estimated in current paper. It was shown that 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NO2-Tyr) induced partially reversible Arabidopsis primary root growth inhibition, alterations of root hairs morphology and organization of microtubules in root cells. It was also revealed that 3-NO2-Tyr intensively decorates such highly dynamic microtubular arrays as preprophase bands, mitotic spindles and phragmoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (B...
Post-translational modifications and multiple tubulin isoforms in Nicotiana tabacum L. cells
Planta, 1997
Distribution of post-translationally modified tubulins in cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. was analysed using a panel of specific antibodies. Polyglutamylated, tyrosinated, nontyrosinated, acetylated and Δ2-tubulin variants were detected on -tubulin subunits; polyglutamylation was also found on -tubulin subunits. Modified tubulins were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in interphase microtubules, preprophase bands, mitotic spindles as well as in phragmoplasts. They were, however, located differently in the various microtubule structures. The antibodies against tyrosinated, acetylated and polyglutamylated tubulins gave uniform staining along all microtubules, while antibodies against nontyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin provided dotlike staining of interphase microtubules. Additionally, immunoreactivity of antibodies against acetylated and Δ2-tubulins was strong in the pole regions of mitotic spindles. High-resolution isoelectric focusing revealed 22 tubulin charge variants in N. tabacum suspension cells. Immunoblotting with antibodies TU-01 and TU-06 against conserved antigenic determinants of -andtubulin molecules, respectively, revealed that 11 isoforms belonged to the -subunit and 11 isoforms to thesubunit. Whereas antibodies against polyglutamylated, tyrosinated and acetylated tubulins reacted with several -tubulin isoforms, antibodies against nontyrosinated and Δ2-tubulin reacted with only one. The combined data demonstrate that plant tubulin is extensively posttranslationally modified and that these modifications participate in the generation of plant tubulin polymorphism.
BMC Plant Biology, 2010
Background: The function of the cortical microtubules, composed of αβ-tubulin heterodimers, is linked to their organizational state which is subject to spatial and temporal modulation by environmental cues. The role of tubulin posttranslational modifications in these processes is largely unknown. Although antibodies against small tubulin regions represent useful tool for studying molecular configuration of microtubules, data on the exposure of tubulin epitopes on plant microtubules are still limited. Results: Using homology modeling we have generated an Arabidopsis thaliana microtubule protofilament model that served for the prediction of surface exposure of five β-tubulin epitopes as well as tyrosine residues. Peptide scans newly disclosed the position of epitopes detected by antibodies 18D6 (β1-10), TUB2.1 (β426-435) and . Experimental verification of the results by immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the exposure of epitopes depended on the mode of fixation. Moreover, homology modeling showed that only tyrosines in the C-terminal region of β-tubulins (behind β425) were exposed on the microtubule external side. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed tyrosine phosphorylation of microtubules in plant cells, implying that β-tubulins could be one of the targets for tyrosine kinases.
A rice tubulin tyrosine ligase‐like 12 protein affects the dynamic and orientation of microtubules
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2021
The detyrosination/retyrosination cycle is the most common post-translational modification of α-tubulin. Removal of the conserved C-terminal tyrosine of αtubulin by a still elusive tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase, and religation of this tyrosine by a tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), are probably common to all eukaryotes. Interestingly, for plants, the only candidates qualifying as potential TTL homologs are the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 12 proteins. To get insight into the biological functions of these potential TTL homologs, we cloned the rice TTL-like 12 protein (OsTTLL12) and generated overexpression OsTTLL12-RFP lines in both rice and tobacco BY-2 cells. We found, unexpectedly, that overexpression of this OsTTLL12-RFP increased the relative abundance of detyrosinated α-tubulin in both coleoptile and seminal root, correlated with more stable microtubules. This was independent of the respective orientation of cortical microtubule, and followed by correspondingly changing growth of coleoptiles and seminal roots. A perturbed organization of phragmoplast microtubules and disoriented cell walls were further characteristics of this phenotype. Thus, the elevated tubulin detyrosination in consequence of OsTTLL12 overexpression affects structural and dynamic features of microtubules, followed by changes in the axiality of cell plate deposition and, consequently, plant growth.
Tyrosinated, but not detyrosinated, ?-tubulin is present in root tip cells
Protoplasma, 1999
The distribution of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin in microtubuIe arrays of pine and onion ceils was investigated by immunoftuorescence techniques. Staining of isolated ceils and methacrylate sections of Pinus radiata and Allium cepa root tips indicated that all microtubule structures contained tyrosinated tubulin but not the posttranslationally modified detyrosinated tubulin. The detyrosinated tubulin epitope was, however, created in vitro by treating both sections and fixed whole ceils with carboxypeptidase A.
Effects of tyrosine kinase and phosphatase inhibitors on microtubules in Arabidopsis root cells
Cell Biology International, 2008
To investigate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes in plant cells the morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots and the organization of cortical microtubules (MTs) were studied after inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). It was found that all tested types of PTKs inhibitors (herbimycin A, genistein and tyrphostin AG 18) altered root hair growth and development, probably as a result of their significant influences on MTs organization in root hairs. The treatment also led to MTs reorientation and disruption in epidermis and cortex cells of both elongation and differentiation zones of primary roots. Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation after treatment with a PTPs inhibitor (sodium orthovanadate) resulted in intense induction of root hair development and growth and caused a significant shortening of the elongation zone. It also led to changes of MTs orientation from transverse to longitudinal in epidermis and cortex cells of the elongation and differentiation zones of the root. From the data obtained we can suppose that tyrosine phosphorylation can be involved in the dynamics and organization of MTs in different types of plant cells.
Protoplasma, 2000
The distribution of 7-tubulin throughout cell division is studied in several taxa of higher plants. 7-Tubutin is present along the whole length of microtubules (Mts) in every cell stage-specific Mt array such as the preprophase band, the preprophase-prophase perinuclear Mts, the kinetochore Mt bundles, the phragmoplast, and the telophase-interphase transition Mt arrays, y-Tubulin follows with precision the Mt pattern, being absent from any other, Mt-free, cell site. In cells treated with anti-Mt drugs, y-tubulin is present only on degrading or on reappearing Mt arrays, while it is totally absent from cells devoid of Mts. y-Tubulin is also present in tubulin paracrystals, which are formed in colchicine-treated cells. These observations support the view that in higher plants 7-tubulin may not be a microtubule-organizing-center-specific protein, but it may play a certain structural and/or functional role being related to c~-and ~3-tubulin.