Adanawa or Ahhiyawa? Reply to the addendum by J.D. Hawkins (original) (raw)

Several inscriptions from the 8 th century BCE shed some light on the history of the "Neo-Hittite" kingdom of Hiyawa/Qawa/Que, locat ed in Plain Cilicia. They mention the kings Awariku and Warika and a de facto ruler named Azatiwada, the latter famous through his foundation of Karatepe. So far, the chronological relationship between these persons as well as an accurate dating of the related sculptures and stelae could not be determined. Even the question of whether Awariku and Warika are one or two kings is unclear. Superimposed on these problems, further pecu liarities of Hiyawa within the Neo-Hittite culture, such as a strong Cypriot influence in ceramic production or the frequent use of the Phoenician language and script, have remained largely unanswered. A first step in clarifying these problems is the exact dating of the people involved and also of the foundation of Azatiwadaya (Karatepe). In the following essay, all relevant historical and archaeological evidence is re-evaluated to eluci date the dating of Karatepe, and the identity of Awariku. The result places Azatiwada and Karatepe either before 765 BCE, if one accepts that Awari ku and Warika are identical, or in the time between 765 and 740, in case of different persons, which seems more likely. Furthermore, a connection is established between Cypriot influence on the one hand and the use of the Phoenician script and language in Cilicia on the other.