Effects of galacto-oligosaccharide ingestion on the mucosa-associated mucins and sucrase activity in the small intestine of mice (original) (raw)
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European journal of nutrition, 2016
The direct effects of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), including Vivinal(®) GOS syrup (VGOS) and purified Vivinal(®) GOS (PGOS), on the epithelial integrity and corresponding interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) release were examined in a Caco-2 cell model for intestinal barrier dysfunction. To investigate structure-activity relationships, the effects of individual DP fractions of VGOS were evaluated. Moreover, the obtained results with GOS were compared with Caco-2 monolayers incubated with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. Caco-2 monolayers were pretreated (24 h) with or without specific oligosaccharides or DP fractions of VGOS (DP2 to DP6) before being exposed for 12 or 24 h to the fungal toxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Transepithelial electrical resistance and lucifer yellow permeability were measured to investigate barrier integrity. A calcium switch assay was used to study the reassembly of tight junction proteins. Release of CXCL8, a typical marker for inflammation, was quantified b...
Journal of Nutrition, 2012
A detailed study was performed to compare the in vivo ileal digestibility and modulatory effects in fecal microbiota of novel galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) derived from lactulose [GOS-Lu; degree of polymerization (DP) 2,14.02, 14.0% trisaccharides] and commercial GOS derived from lactose (GOS-La; DP 2,14.03, 35.1% trisaccharides) in growing rats (5 wk old). Rats were fed either a control diet or diets containing 1% (wt:wt) of GOS-Lu or GOS-La for 14 d. Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates from dietary and ileal samples demonstrated that the trisaccharide fraction of GOS-Lu was significantly more resistant to gut digestion than that from GOS-La, as indicated by their ileal digestibility rates of 12.5 6 2.6% and 52.9 6 2.7%, respectively, whereas the disaccharide fraction of GOS-Lu was fully resistant to the extreme environment of the upper digestive tract. The low ileal digestibility of GOS-Lu was due to the great resistance of galactosyl-fructoses to mammalian digestive enzymes, highlighting the key role played by the monomer type and linkage involved in the oligosaccharide chain. The partial digestion of GOS-La trisaccharides showed that glycosidic linkages (1/6) and (1/2) between galactose and glucose monomers were significantly more resistant to in vivo gastrointestinal digestion than the linkage (1/4) between galactose units. The absence of GOS-La and GOS-Lu digestion-resistant oligosaccharides in fecal samples indicated that they were readily fermented within the large intestine, enabling both types of GOS to have a potential prebiotic function. Indeed, compared with controls, the GOS-Lu group had significantly more bifidobacteria in fecal samples after 14 d of treatment. The number of Eubacterium rectale also was greater in the GOS-Lu and GOS-La groups than in controls. These novel data support a direct relationship between patterns of resistance to digestion and prebiotic properties of GOS.
Galacto-oligosaccharides and bowel function
Food & Nutrition Research, 2007
Constipation is a common problem and its prevalence increases with age. Severe constipation requires treatment with laxatives, but nutritional therapy, especially increased dietary fibre intake, is recommended primarily for the prevention and treatment of mild constipation. One alternative may be the use of oligosaccharides, which act as soluble fibre and have a bifidogenic effect. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) resembling oligosaccharides occurring naturally in human milk can be produced from lactose. Several clinical studies reviewed in this paper have shown that the use of GOS (5 Á15 g per day) may relieve the symptoms of constipation in adults and elderly people. In infants, the supplementation of formula with a mixture of GOS and fructo-oligosaccharides can modulate bowel function and stool characters in the same direction as does breast-feeding. Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur as side-effects of oligosaccharides, but 12 g GOS per day or less is usually well tolerated.
Biochemical Journal, 2004
Purified human mucins from different parts of the intestinal tract (ileum, cecum, transverse and sigmoid colon and rectum) were isolated from two individuals with blood group ALe b (A-Lewis b ). After alkaline borohydride treatment the released oligosaccharides were structurally characterized by nano-ESI Q-TOF MS/MS (electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem MS) without prior fractionation or derivatization. More than 100 different oligosaccharides, with up to ten monosaccharide residues, were identified using this technique. Oligosaccharides based on core 3 structures, GlcNAc(β1-3)GalNAc (where GlcNAc is N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and GalNAc is N-acetylgalactosamine), were widely distributed in human intestinal mucins. Core 5 structures, GalNAc(α1-3)GalNAc, were also recovered in all fractions. Moreover, a comparison of the oligosaccharide repertoire, with respect to size, diversity and expression of glycans and terminal epitopes, showed a high level of mucin-specific glycosyl-ation: highly fucosylated glycans, found specifically in the small intestine, were mainly based on core 4 structures, GlcNAc-(β1-3)[GlcNAc(β1-6)]GalNAc, whereas the sulpho-Le X determinant carrying core 2 glycans, Gal(β1-3)[GlcNAc(β1-6)]-GalNAc (where Gal is galactose), was recovered mainly in the distal colon. Blood group H and A antigenic determinants were present exclusively in the ileum and cecum, whereas blood group Sd a /Cad related epitopes, GalNAc(β1-4)[NeuAc(α2-3)]Gal (where NeuAc is N-acetylneuraminate), were found to increase along the length of the colon. Our findings suggest that mucins create an enormous repertoire of potential binding sites for microorganisms that could explain the regio-specific colonization of bacteria in the human intestinal tract.
PLOS ONE
Due to their complex chemical and physical properties, the effects and mechanisms of action of natural sources of dietary fiber on the intestine are unclear. Pigs are commonly fed high-fiber diets to reduce production costs and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading enzymes have been used to increase fiber digestibility. We evaluated the expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), presence of goblet cells, and ileal immune profile of pigs housed individually for 28 days and fed either a low fiber diet based on corn-soybean meal (CSB, n = 9), or two high fiber diets formulated adding 40% corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS, n = 9) or 30% wheat middlings (WM, n = 9) to CSB-based diet. Pigs were also fed those diets supplemented with a NSP enzymes mix (E) of xylanase, β-glucanase, mannanase, and galactosidase (n = 8, 10, and 9 for CSB+E, DDGS+E and WM+E, respectively). Feeding DDGS and WM diets increased ileal MUC2 expression compared with CSB diet, and this effect was reversed by the addition of enzymes. There were no differences in abundance of goblet cells among treatments. In general, enzyme supplementation increased gene expression and concentrations of IL-1β, and reduced the concentrations of IL-4, IL-17A and IL-11. The effects of diet-induced cytokines on modulating intestinal MUC2 were assessed in vitro by treating mouse and swine enteroids with 1 ng/ml of IL-4 and IL-1β. In accordance with previous studies, treatment with Il-4 induced Muc2 and expansion of goblet cells in mouse enteroids. However, swine enteroids did not change MUC2 expression or number of goblet cells when treated with IL-4 or IL-1β. Our results suggest that mucin and immune profile are regulated by diet in the swine intestine, but by mechanisms different to mouse, emphasizing the need for using appropriate models to study responses to dietary fiber in swine.
Food Research International, 2013
A hydrolysate obtained from a whey protein concentrate rich in β-lactoglobulin has been shown to stimulate mucin secretion and mucin 5AC gene expression in human intestinal goblet cells HT29-MTX. Mass spectrometry-based peptidomic analysis allowed the identification of the peptides contained in the hydrolysate. None of them had the required structure to bind opioid receptors, except for the sequence YLLF, corresponding to β-lactorphin. The exposure of the cells to synthetic β-lactorphin evoked a mucin secretory effect although no change in the mucin gene expression was observed. The amidated homolog of this peptide, which has been reported as a more potent opioid, induced mucin gene expression after incubation for 4 h. This supports the hypothesis that induction of the mucin secretory response can be mediated by μ-opioid receptors in HT29-MTX cells, although other mechanisms responsible for the hydrolysate activity cannot be excluded. Protein hydrolysates with the ability to induce mucin secretion could be promising for improving gastrointestinal protection.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Influence Intestinal Epithelial Cell Maturation In Vitro
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, 2017
Objectives: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are reported to promote epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. The aim of the present study was to assess induction of epithelial cell differentiation by individual and combined administration of 3 HMOs. Methods: An in vitro epithelial model of the crypt-villus axis consisting of preconfluent HT-29, preconfluent Caco-2Bbe, and postconfluent Caco-2Bbe cells was used. Cultures were randomized to 17 treatments for 72 hours of incubation: low-and high-dose HMOs (3 0 sialyllactose [3 0 SL] at 0.2 and 1.0 g/L, 6 0 siallylactose [6 0 SL] at 0.4 and 1.0 g/L, and 2 0 fucosyllactose at 0.2 and 2.0 g/L), HMO combinations at both low and high doses, and controls (culture medium, 4 g/L pooled HMO, and lipopolysaccharide). Results: High doses of individual HMOs (P < 0.05), combined HMOs (P < 0.05), and pooled HMO decreased (P < 0.001) proliferation in preconfluent HT-29 cultures. Pooled means of individual low and high treatments with 3 0 SL and 6 0 SL, combinations of 2 or 3 high-dose HMOs, and total HMO significantly reduced (P < 0.05) proliferation in preconfluent Caco-2Bbe cells. HMOs increased differentiation in preconfluent HT-29 and Caco-2Bbe cells. 3 0 SL and 6 0 SL increased alkaline phosphatase activity but did not affect disaccharidase activity in postconfluent Caco-2Bbe cells. Apoptosis and necrosis were both decreased (P < 0.001) in postconfluent Caco-2Bbe cells treated with pooled HMO. Conclusions: HMO treatments inhibited proliferation with some associated enhancement of epithelial differentiation. Effects of HMOs were additive but no specific combinations of HMOs were especially potent. These results suggest that commercially viable individual HMOs and specific combinations may promote intestinal epithelial cell maturation.
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2001
Current information on the effect of diet on the secretion of mucus and the recovery of mucin in ileal digesta is summarized. A general description of mucus structure and its degradation in the small and large intestine is provided. As the protective lining of the entire gastrointestinal tract, mucus gels are exposed to all chemical and physical forces of digestion. Most important among these is the proteolytic breakdown of mucus gels into component mucin subunits and their subsequent release into the intestinal lumen. Erosion of mucus gels is countered by synthesis and secretion from the underlying epithelium. Diets can influence this process, both indirectly by their effects on digestive processes most importantly with respect to the amount and distribution of proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen, and directly by the physical forces which they exert on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Adaptive changes in goblet cell activity have been noted in response to different diets. Once in the intestinal lumen, little further degradation of mucus occurs prior to the large intestine. Once in the large intestine mucin is fermented by resident microbial populations. The recovery of undegraded mucin in ileal digesta has important implications for nutritional studies: firstly because it may represent a considerable loss of endogenous amino acids and carbohydrates and secondly because it may provide insight into the effects of diets on the digestive tract itself.