ALGUNAS VARIANTES DE SIMBOLOS DE CONQUISTA BELICA (original) (raw)
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A brief history of the Reconquista (718-1492 AD): Conquest, repopulation and land distribution
2020
This article is an attempt to summarize in the space of barely twenty pages some of the characteristics of the historical process known as the Reconquista in the territories of today's Spain. Since this was a process that spread across eight centuries, this brief history obviously is not and does not claim to be exhaustive. On the contrary, it goes without saying that it is partial, biased and incomplete, and should be considered simply as an introduction to the subject. It looks at the Reconquista from a territorial perspective with the intention of presenting some of the key elements that led to the creation of particular institutions. These varied from region to region and, it can be argued, had an impact on the long-term economic evolution of the various territories within Spain. On the one hand, the work focuses on the timing and evolution of the military conquest of territory, from north to south, in different historical stages, while on the other it looks at the subsequent repopulation of these conquered territories as the military action moved southwards. The institutions that were created and the way society was organized at each stage of the Reconquista, including the distribution of land ownership, depended on the different factors and circumstances prevailing in each historical period.
LE CONQUISTADOR: UN SOLDAT MUTILÉ
Cet écrit propose une première approche sur la question de la formation de l’identité du conquistador dans l’après-conquista, dans la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle, en Europe et en Amérique. Le conquistador s’est doté d’une identité liée à la noblesse, à la valeur militaire et aux faits héroïques qu’il accomplissait sur une terre qu’il découvrait au fur et à mesure qu’il soutenait une guerre très particulière, au sein d’une armée inédite. L’expérience de la conquista l’amena à établir de nouveaux rapports avec les femmes car il s’agissait de femmes différentes, jamais vues auparavant, et qui l’ont poussé à redéfinir sa masculinité et à entrer en relation avec l’Amazone.
eHumanista: Journal of Iberian Studies, 2022
Los trabajos que constituyen el presente dossier ofrecen un pequeño muestreo del vasto universo que es la tradición textual de la conquista de México. En conjunto, permiten entender mejor los mecanismos de representación de un evento que no ha dejado, ni dejará, de generar interés pues además de ser un momento clave de la historia global, se ha convertido en mito, un relato que trasciende el hecho histórico, protagonizado por figuras arquetípicas cuyas acciones tienen valor simbólico y que, por lo tanto, se pueden interpretar de muchas y muy distintas maneras dependiendo del contexto y la intención.
Revista TRACE. Procesos mexicanos y centroamericanos, 2022
From the last quarter of the 16th century to the end of the 18th century, some Englishmen (such as merchants, sailors, adventurers, scholars, courtiers, military men, government officers and members of parliament) regarded the mainland of Yucatan and Central America as strategically located to compete against Spain. They also considered it to be full of richness and inhabited by indigenous groups who were hostile towards Spain so they could be potential allies of England. Due to this, they considered it was possible, and not difficult, to occupy the region and to control the mines, the resour- ces and wealthy cities of Spanish America. In this way, England could consolidate its empire by establishing a stronghold to advance the fight against Spain. In this paper the arguments and military strategies formulated by Englishmen who aspired to dominate Yucatan and Central America as well as their attempts to persuade some of their coun- trymen and the government of London to back them are analysed. This article also deals with the obstacles they faced, the outcomes achieved and the circumstances that allowed some of their plans to be implemented. Resumen: Desde las últimas décadas del siglo xvi hasta el final del siglo xviii algunos ingleses —comerciantes, navegantes, aventureros, académicos, cortesanos, militares, ofi- ciales del gobierno y miembros del Parlamento— consideraron que las tierras continen- tales de Yucatán y Centroamérica tenían una ubicación estratégica para competir con España. Además, consideraban que estaban llenas de riquezas y habitadas por grupos indígenas con hostilidades entre ellos y España, y por lo tanto habitadas por posibles aliados de Inglaterra. Por esto, les parecía que sería posible y fácil ocupar la región y adquirir control de las minas, los recursos y hasta de las ciudades más prósperas de la América española. De esta manera, Inglaterra podría consolidar su imperio estableciendo una base para avanzar en su lucha contra España. En este artículo se discuten los ar- gumentos y los planes militares formulados por ingleses con aspiraciones de dominar Yucatán y Centroamérica, así como sus intentos y esfuerzos para convencer a otros ingleses y al gobierno en Londres de brindarles su apoyo. En este documento también se analizan los obstáculos que enfrentaron y los resultados obtenidos, y se ponderan las circunstancias que permitieron que algunos planes se llevaran a cabo.
. However, this traditional definition is not entirely consistent or satisfactory as an analytical device. In the past five hundred years or so, the first three centuries were characterized by the rule of two competing Iberian crowns, the Spanish and the Portuguese, whose legacy is still very much felt to this day ). Accordingly, in this book, I use Latin America to refer to Iberian civilizations in the Americas. A more appropriate name would be Iberian HHA11.indd 209 8/29/05 11:53:06 AM HHA11.indd 210 8/29/05 11:53:13 AM conquistadors, plantations, and quilombo 211 Y2 latter known as Brazil. The two areas differed also in the official languages used: Castilian or Spanish in the areas under Spanish rule and Portuguese in Brazil. Even though native languages were and are widely spoken in several areas within Latin America, the official languages have always been only Spanish and Portuguese.
Robert Holden, ed., Oxford Handbook of Central American History, 2021
The Spanish conquest is a highly mythologized historical moment of profound consequence. For some, it represents the launching of a global Catholic empire-perhaps with lamentable violence, but ultimately as part of an inevitable, proud march of Euro-Christian progress. For Indigenous populations, the meaning of Spanish conquest is decidedly more somber: the invasion of their lands, the criminalization of their customs, the loss of sovereignty, and, indeed, the closest they have ever come to total extermination. In between these two poles of interpretation, scholars have sought not only new sources and information beyond published Spanish works but also new perspectives from less famous actors. Central America features prominently in this recent scholarship, which has ended up questioning all three parts of the phrase "the Spanish conquest." Indigenous Central America's sixteenth-century experience of military invasion and colonization-made worse by a brief but intense period of legalized Indigenous slavery-was brutal, and more complex than the mythology usually admits. It was not a single sweeping event, it was not militarily won only by Spaniards or even Europeans, and ultimately, it was incomplete.