Order Forficulida Latreille, 1810. The earwigs and protelytropterans (= Dermaptera DeGeer, 1773+ Protelytroptera Tillyard, 1931) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2013
Paoliida is an insect group of highly controversial composition and equally controversial affinities. Based on comprehensive reinvestigations we propose a new delimitation of the insect order Paoliida sensu nov. associating the families Paoliidae and Blattinopsidae on the basis of the following main wing venation characters: veins CuA convex and CuP concave separating from a rather long basal stem Cu; a short, more or less distinct, but generally convex arculus brace (crossvein) between M and CuA (more distinct in forewing than in hind wing), and a broad area containing veinlets, between CuP and CuA, with a general course of CuA making a double curve (autapomorphy); CuP straight or sigmoidal. The Paoliida is considered as a neopteran clade and potential sister group of the Dictyoptera on the basis of the presence of well-defined anterior branches of CuA, with the same convexity as the median vein and more concave than the posterior branches of the same vein (synapomorphy). The polarities of the other characters shared by these clades are discussed. New diagnoses of the order Paoliida and the family Paoliidae are provided after re-examination of the type material. We attribute Herbstiala herbsti to Paoliidae and consider Herbstialidae as a junior synonym of this family. The grylloblattid family Ideliidae is considered as a junior synonym of Paoliidae, transferring genera Stenaropodites, Aenigmidelia, Archidelia, Sojanidelia, Micaidelia, Acropermula and Mongoloidelia to this family. Kochopteron hoffmannorum and Protoblattina bouvieri are newly included in Paoliidae. Protoblattinopsis stubblefieldi is reinterpreted as a hind wing having highly specialized cubito-anal structures functionally analogous to the anal loop structure of the hind wing of the Mesozoic Isophlebioidea (Odonatoptera). We attribute Protoblattinopsis to Paoliida and consider Protoblattinidae as a junior synonym of Paoliidae. Furthermore, a new Paoliidae, Silesiapteron jarmilae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Upper Carboniferous sphaerosiderite concretion of Poland.
Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects
Journal of Morphology, 2012
Two different patterns of wing venation are currently supposed to be present in each of the three orders of Paraneoptera. This is unlikely compared with the situation in other insects where only one pattern exists per order. We propose for all Paraneoptera a new and unique interpretation of wing venation pattern, assuming that the convex cubitus anterior gets fused with the common stem of median and radial veins at or very near to wing base, after separation from concave cubitus posterior, and reemerges more distally from R 1 M stem. Thereafter, the vein between concave cubitus posterior and CuA is a specialized crossvein called ''cua-cup,'' proximally concave and distally convex. We show that despite some variations, that is, cua-cup can vary from absent to hypertrophic; CuA can re-emerge together with M or not, or even completely disappear, this new interpretation explains all situations among all fossil and recent paraneopteran lineages. We propose that the characters ''CuA fused in a common stem with R and M''and ''presence of specialized crossvein cuacup'' are venation apomorphies that support the monophyly of the Paraneoptera. In the light of these characters, we reinterpret several Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic fossils that were ascribed to Paraneoptera, and confirm the attribution of several to this superorder as well as possible attribution of Zygopsocidae (Zygopsocus permianus Tillyard, 1935) as oldest Psocodea. We discuss the situation in extinct Hypoperlida and Miomoptera, suggesting that both orders could well be polyphyletic, with taxa related to Archaeorthoptera, Paraneoptera, or even Holometabola. The Carboniferous Protoprosbolidae is resurrected and retransferred into the Paraneoptera. The genus Lithoscytina is restored. The miomopteran Eodelopterum priscum Schmidt, 1962 is newly revised and considered as a fern pinnule. In addition, the new paraneopteran Bruayaphis oudardi gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described from the Upper Carboniferous of France (see Supporting Information).
Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001
The phylogeny of the basal hymenopteran lineages, including representatives of all 'symphytan' families, is analysed. In total, 236 morphological characters were scored for 44 exemplars, including six outgroup, two xyelid, 16 tenthredinoid, five pamphilioid, three cephoid, five 'siricoid', one orussid, and six apocritan taxa. The dataset is analysed with parsimony under equal weights and under implied weights. The monophyly of the Hymenoptera is strongly supported but the sistergroup of the Hymenoptera cannot be identified with confidence. The relationships of the 'symphytan' lineages are Xyeloidea + (Tenthredinoidea + (Pamphilioidea + (Cephoidea + (Anaxyelidae + (Siricidae + (Xiphydriidae + (Orussoidea + Apocrita))))))). Many of the relationships between the superfamilies, especially in the basal branching pattern, are only weakly corroborated. The monophyly of most superfamilies is well supported, and all may be monophyletic except the 'Siricoidea', which is clearly paraphyletic. It is difficult to decide whether the Siricidae or the Anaxyelidae are the closest relatives of Xiphydriidae + (Orussoidea + Apocrita). The support for the sistergroup relationship between the Orussoidea and the Apocrita is substantial, putative synapomorphies being provided by most character systems. There is also good evidence in favour of the monophyly of the Apocrita. The internal phylogeny of the Tenthredinoidea differs considerably from the results of earlier analyses. The Blasticotomidae are the sistergroup of the Tenthredinoidea S.S. Relationships at the base of the Tenthredinoidea S. S. are weakly supported. It is uncertain whether the Tenthredinidae are monophyletic or comprise a basal paraphyletic grade within the Tenthredinoidea S.S. The Diprionidae may be the sistergroup to the Cimbicidae + (Argidae + Pergidae). Most relationships within the Cimbicidae + (Argidae + Pergidae) clade are well corroborated, with the exception of the monophyly of the Argidae. It is proposed to elevate the Anaxyelidae and the Xiphydriida both to superfamily status. The family-level classification of the Tenthredinoidea will probably also have to be changed, but this must await further clarification of the phylogeny of this superfamily.
Molecular and morphological systematics of Libelluloidea (Odonata: Anisoptera) and Dictyoptera
2008
Libelluloidea are highly successful dragonflies with unique behavior and life histories. The systematics of Libelluloidea (Odonata: Anisoptera) has iv Acknowledgement and/or Dedication I would like to thank my husband Jeremy, my daughter Aeshna, my beloved dog Spider and my twin Syrus for their unfaltering support throughout my PhD work. Without them I would had difficulty overcoming the inevitable setbacks, wrong turns and confusion that seem to be a natural part of the academic process. I would also like to thank my best friend and labmate, Dana Price, for her thoughtful conversations about all things entomological and phylogenetic (or otherwise) throughout the last five years. I am deeply indebted to Leslie May for her thoughtfulness, caring, compassion, encouragement, humor, and support, which have become such a welcome aspect of my family's life here at Rutgers. I would like to thank Karl Kjer and Mike May for their advisement and encouragement regarding both my thesis work and extracurricular affairs. I'm also very grateful to them for supporting my travel to Australia and Namibia, both of which were remarkable opportunities in terms of dragonfly collecting and personal growth. Thank you to Kim Bloodsworth and Dana Price, for their friendship and maternal support since the birth of their goddaughter, Aeshna. Thanks very much to Lashon Ware for her sisterly advice and cheerleading. To my godparents Betty and Archie McGugan, I am thankful for long-distance encouragement and all of the dragonfly books! Caren, Jessica and Leah v Huff, the Shaws and the Gullettes have been a wonderful source of inspiration and enthusiasm, for which I am very indebted. I would like to acknowledge the Ware Irons family for their insistence, from an early age, that I go to graduate school to get my Ph. D-which I finally did! Last but not least, several fellow dragonfly lovers (enthusiasts and academics alike) were encouraging and supportive throughout my work, for which I am very grateful. I'd like to acknowledge some of them here (although I am thankful to so many more than there is room to list). I am especially grateful to Ken & Sandy Tennessen, Günther & Christine Theischinger, Stas & Lena Gorb and Jerry and Christine Louton, for welcoming me into their homes and providing specimens, advice and discussion; Dennis Paulson, for his thorough and thoughtful commentary about my phylogenies and flight behavior project; Seth Bybee and Erik Pilgrim for advice, discussion, support, encouragement, and for being such wonderful colleagues. The following chapters were previously published in peer-reviewed journals:
Paoliida is an insect group of highly controversial composition and equally controversial affinities. Based on comprehensive reinvestigations we propose a new delimitation of the insect order Paoliida sensu nov. associating the families Paoliidae and Blattinopsidae on the basis of the following main wing venation characters: veins CuA convex and CuP concave separating from a rather long basal stem Cu; a short, more or less distinct, but generally convex arculus brace (crossvein) between M and CuA (more distinct in forewing than in hind wing), and a broad area containing veinlets, between CuP and CuA, with a general course of CuA making a double curve (autapomorphy); CuP straight or sigmoidal. The Paoliida is considered as a neopteran clade and potential sister group of the Dictyoptera on the basis of the presence of well-defined anterior branches of CuA, with the same convexity as the median vein and more concave than the posterior branches of the same vein (synapomorphy). The polarities of the other characters shared by these clades are discussed. New diagnoses of the order Paoliida and the family Paoliidae are provided after re-examination of the type material. We attribute Herbstiala herbsti to Paoliidae and consider Herbstialidae as a junior synonym of this family. The grylloblattid family Ideliidae is considered as a junior synonym of Paoliidae, transferring genera Stenaropodites, Aenigmidelia, Archidelia, Sojanidelia, Micaidelia, Acropermula and Mongoloidelia to this family. Kochopteron hoffmannorum and Protoblattina bouvieri are newly included in Paoliidae. Protoblattinopsis stubblefieldi is reinterpreted as a hind wing having highly specialized cubito-anal structures functionally analogous to the anal loop structure of the hind wing of the Mesozoic Isophlebioidea (Odonatoptera). We attribute Protoblattinopsis to Paoliida and consider Protoblattinidae as a junior synonym of Paoliidae. Furthermore, a new Paoliidae, Silesiapteron jarmilae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Upper Carboniferous sphaerosiderite concretion of Poland.
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 2009
A cladistic analysis of the lower Hymenoptera, including all the 'symphytan' families and the apocritan families Stephanidae, Megalyridae, Trigonalyidae, Ibaliidae, Vespidae and Gasteruptiidae, has been undertaken. A total of 98 characters were scored for 21 taxa. Twenty equally parsimonious minimum-length trees were obtained. The phylogenetic status of the Xyelidae is uncertain: they might be monophyletic, or the Xyelinae might be the sistergroup of the rest of the Hymenoptera. The non-xyelid Hymenoptera are probably monophyletic; the phylogeny Tenthredinoidea + (Megalodontoidea + (Cephidae + (Anaxyelidae + (Siricidae + (Xiphydriidae + (Orussidae + Apocrita)))))) is proposed for this clade. The Blasticotomidae are probably the sistergroup of all other Tenthredinoidea, but tenthredinoid phylogeny is otherwise uncertain. Substantial homoplasy occurs within the 'siricoid families, making the relative positions of the Anaxyelidae and Siricidae uncertain. The Stephanidae might be the sistergroup of the rest of the Apocrita; the phylogeny of the remaining apocritan taxa included is insufficiently elucidated. The phylogeny proposed here supports the hypothesis that the appearance of parasitism in the Hymenoptera took place in the common ancestor of Orussidae + Apocrita, the host of which was probably wood boring insect larvae. The exact larval mode of feeding of the ancestral hymenopteran cannot be determined due to the diversity of lifestyles in the basal lineages of the order.