Estresse análise hormonal em jogadores de futebol de elite durante uma temporada (original) (raw)
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The following up of some hormonal parameters during the professional soccer training process could be one of the indicators of the training effects. On the other hand, overreaching and overtraining as an opposite adaptation of supercompensation could be detected by following up some hormonal changes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in some hormonal parameters in professional soccer players during a half-season competition. Methods: We included 30 professional soccer players from a soccer club of our National Soccer League in this study. All sport medical examinations were conducted tree times: before the preparation phase, before the competition phase (after previous phase) and after finishing the competition phase. Results: There were significant differences in all evaluated hormones between three phases of soccer training process, including significant decrease in T/C of more than 30% at the end of the competition phase (phase III). The decrease in muscle mass after the preparation phase and the increase in fat mass at the end of competition phase were insignificant. Conclusions: The hormonal changes indicated that some indices could indicate overreaching and overtraining at the end of professional soccer competition season. Although insignificant, the decrease in muscle mass after the preparation phase and the increase in fat mass at the end of competition phase were undesirable effects for us (Tab. 4, Fig. 2, Ref. 19).
Cortisol, Testosterone and Soccer: Hormonal Trends through a Competitive Season
Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis usually occurs after physical and/or psychological stress with a magnitude modulated by both intensity of the stress episodes and individual variability. Competitive sport activities can be considered as a stressor, and many studies have investigated the dynamic relationships of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis finding different results. The aim of our study was to evaluate cortisol and testosterone levels in salivary samples from 16 soccer players over six training sessions and 18 matches. Resting levels of cortisol show pre-match levels greater than pre-training levels, with both increasing through the season. Cortisol changes following training and match sessions show lower variations for training sessions than matches. Through the season, training sessions show reduced increases in cortisol levels. For testosterone, pre-match and pre-training levels decrease through the season. Testosterone responses to training sessio...
2013
Overtraining syndrome is a chronic situation that results from long periods of high intensity and volume work without rest periods. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma testosterone and cortisol concentrations with psychological overtraining items (by Consensus group on overtraining of the Societe Francaise de Medecine du Sport) in football referees. Thirty football referees (X±SD: age 28.9±4.54 year; height 178.9±6.45cm; weight 77.5±9.23 kg; BMI 22.96±2.14 kg/m; Vo2max 51.21±2.53 ml/kg/min) volunteered for the study during a rest day (24 hours without training). They were asked to complete the overtraining questionnaire contains 54 question requiring answers of "yes" or "no". Then plasma samples were taken at rest and immediately after agame of Isfahan premier league (vision of Asia). The results of data analyses showed that the overtraining score from questionnaire correlates with cortisol concentration on rest day respecti...
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018
Introduction: Training load and other measures potentially related to match performance are routinely monitored in team-sport athletes. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of training load on such measures and on match performance during a season of professional football. Materials and Methods: Training load was measured daily as session duration times perceived exertion in 23 A-League football players. Measures of exponentially weighted cumulative training load were calculated using decay factors representing time constants of 3-28 days. Players performed a countermovement jump for estimation of a measure of neuromuscular recovery (ratio of flight time to contraction time, FT:CT), and provided a saliva sample for measurement of testosterone and cortisol concentrations 1day prior to each of 34 matches. Match performance was assessed via ratings provided by five coaching and fitness staff on a 5-point Likert scale. Effects of training load on FT:CT, hormone concentrations and match performance were modeled as quadratic predictors and expressed as changes in the outcome measure for a change in the predictor of one within-player standard deviation (1 SD) below and above the mean. Changes in each of five playing positions were assessed using standardization and magnitude-based inference. Results: The largest effects of training were generally observed in the 3-to 14-day windows. Center defenders showed a small reduction in coach rating when 14-day a smoothed load increased from −1 SD to the mean (−0.31, ±0.15; mean, ±90% confidence limits), whereas strikers and wide midfielders displayed a small increase in coach rating when load increased 1 SD above the mean. The effects of training load on FT:CT were mostly unclear or trivial, but effects of training load on hormones included a large increase in cortisol (102, ±58%) and moderate increase in testosterone (24, ±18%) in center defenders when 3-day smoothed training load increased 1 SD
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Overtraining syndrome is a chronic situation that results from long periods of high intensity or high volume work without rest periods. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma testosterone and cortisol concentrations with psychological overtraining items (by Consensus group on overtraining of the Society Francoise de Medicine due Sport) in football referees. Thirty football referees 182±4.21 cm; 72.4±6.61 kg; 23.97±1.72kg/m2; 51.21±2.53 Vo2max) volunteered for the study during a rest day (24 hours without training). They were asked to complete the overtraining questionnaire contains 54 question requiring answers of \"yes\" or \"no\". Then plasma samples were taken at rest and immediately after a game of Isfahan premier league(Asia vision).The results of data analyses showed that the overtraining score from questionnaire correlates with cortisol concentration on rest day respectively (r=0.71), and testosterone/cortisol ratio (r=-0.42; p£0.05). Result show that, the questionnaire may be a useful tool for monitoring and preventing of overtraining syndrome.
Hormonal and biochemical profile in elite sportsmen during the preparation season
2016
Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of short time intensive training on adolescent athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate six weeks of volleyball training on hormonal and biochemical profile in elite high school male volleyball players in Golestan province (Iran) in preparation season to take part in global competitions of champion school in France. Subjects of training group consisted of 12 elite volleyball players in premier league students and the control group consisted of 12 healthy and non-athlete boy students. The training group practiced at 60-85% maximum heart rate (MHR) for 6 weeks, 90 minutes per session, 6 sessions per week and 3 sessions a day (first session: technical practice, second session: tactical practices and third session: technical/tactical practices). Blood samples were taken following 12 hours of fasting both before and after the volleyball training. cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations significantly decreased in ...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004
As a consequence of the physiological demands experienced during a competitive soccer season, the antagonistic relationship between anabolic and catabolic processes can affect performance. Twenty-five male collegiate soccer players were studied throughout a season (11 weeks) to investigate the effects of long-term training and competition. Subjects were grouped as starters (S; n ϭ 11) and nonstarters (NS; n ϭ 14). Measures of physical performance, body composition, and hormonal concentrations (testosterone [T] and cortisol [C]) were assessed preseason (T1) and 5 times throughout the season (T2-T6). Starters and NS participated in 83.06% and 16.95% of total game time, respectively. Nonstarters had a significant increase (ϩ1.6%) in body fat at T6 compared to T1. Isokinetic strength of the knee extensors (1.05 rad•sec Ϫ1) significantly decreased in both S (Ϫ12%) and NS (Ϫ10%; p Յ 0.05) at T6. Significant decrements in sprint speed (ϩ4.3%) and vertical jump (Ϫ13.8%) were found at T5 in S only. Though within normal ranges (10.4-41.6 nmol•L Ϫ1), concentrations of T at T1 were low for both groups, but increased significantly by T6. Concentrations of C were elevated in both groups, with concentrations at the high end of the normal range (normal range 138-635 nmol•L Ϫ1) at T1 and T4 in NS and T4 in S, with both groups remaining elevated at T6. Data indicate that players entering the season with low circulating concentrations of T and elevated levels of C can experience reductions in performance during a season, with performance decrements exacerbated in starters over nonstarters. Soccer players should therefore have a planned program of conditioning that does not result in an acute overtraining phenomenon prior to preseason (e.g., young players trying to get in shape quickly in the 6 to 8 weeks in the summer prior to reporting for preseason camp). The detrimental effects of inappropriate training do not appear to be unloaded during the season and catabolic activities can predominate.
Frontiers in Physiology, 2020
Background: The regular assessment of hormonal and mood state parameters in professional soccer are proposed as good indicators during periods of intense training and/or competition to avoid overtraining. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze hormonal, psychological, workload and physical fitness parameters in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play. Methods: Sixteen elite soccer players from a team playing in the first Tunisian soccer league were evaluated three times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks. The non-congested period of match play was from T1 to T2, when the players played 6 games over 6 weeks. The congested period was from T2 to T3, when the players played 10 games over 6 weeks. From T1 to T3, players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1), the repeated shuttle sprint ability test (RSSA), the countermovement jump test (CMJ), and the squat jump test (SJ). Plasma Cortisol (C), Testosterone (T), and the T/C ratio were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Players had their mood dimensions (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion, and a Total Mood Disturbance) assessed through the Profile of Mood State questionnaire (POMS). Training session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was also recorded on a daily basis in order to quantify internal training load and elements of monotony and strain. Results: Significant performance declines (T1 < T2 < T3) were found for SJ performance (p = 0.04, effect size [ES] ES 1−2 = 0.15−0.06, ES 2−3 = 0.24) from T1 to T3. YYIR1 performance improved significantly from T1 to T2 and declined significantly
Hormonal Analysis in Elite Basketball During a Season
Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2009
In elite basketball, the high demands of competition and training require a detailed follow-up of the effects on the player's performance and health. Controlling these effects could improve the knowledge about the players' recovery process and allow a better design of their individual workloads. Aim: To describe the behavior of the total testosterone serum levels (T), cortisol (C) and T/C ratio. Methodology: 8 blood samples were collected during the whole season of an elite basketball team (n=8) of the First Spanish Division (ACB). The samples were taken every 4-6 weeks, at 8:00 AM, after 24-36 hours of post-game recovery. Results: T increases after 4 after 3.5 days of rest (6th vs. 1st, p=0.039; 6th vs. 5th, p=0.041) and decreases significantly at the end of the season (8th vs. 7th, p=0.003). C does not show significant variation along the season. T/C ratio shows a significant decrease at the end of the season (8th vs. 1st , p=0.021; 8th vs. 7th, p=0.017) and in VarT/C (8th vs. 1st, p=0.005; 8th vs. 7th, p=0.036). Conclusions: Concentration values as well as percentages of variation are useful indicators to describe the studied parameters.
The effects of training on hormonal concentrations in young soccer players
Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2019
To test the hypothesis that football training would be accompanied by physiological adaptations and hormonal changes, we analyzed the effects of a whole football season on physical fitness and hormonal concentrations in youth football players. Male football players (n = 29, age 16.51 ± 0.7 years) in a regional professional league and male healthy control subjects (n = 30, age 17.1 ± 1 years) participated to the study. Blood cortisol, testosterone, and growth hormone (hGH) concentrations were assayed before the beginning of the training period (T0), just after the training period (T1), at the middle of the season (T2), and at the end of the season (T3). In each period physical tests and anthropometric measurements were also performed. Results showed significant differences in basal values of cortisol, testosterone, and growth hormone (hGH) in the four time points evaluated (P < 0.01). In addition, the concentrations of hGH were higher in the soccer players group than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Between the start of the training period and the end of the football season significant differences were observed in the anthropometric characteristics and in the physical form of the football players. Furthermore, the hormonal status was significantly correlated with the indicators of the lower limb power (squat-jump [SqJ], and counter-movement-jump [CMJ]) and those of aerobic performance (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIRT1) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max)).These data underscore the importance of establishing training protocols that present the potential to promote positive adaptations without, at the same time, provoking overtraining of young players.