Determination of trace elements in biological fluids (original) (raw)
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Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 1998
The measurement of the different species of the trace elements in clinical samples requires a sample preparation and handling that is specially designed for that purpose. The present article is an attempt to give background information about the various procedures. Some of the difficulties that may affect the separation and the stability of the species will be highlighted with practical examples. The intent is not to present a review of the existing knowledge about all the different species of the trace elements, neither to give procedural details in various biological fluids and tissues, but rather to initiate the reader who wants to start research on this topic.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2002
A method to prepare milk powder, bovine liver and bovine muscle samples for analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is proposed. Samples are mixed with a small amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and a stable and homogeneous slurry is produced in ca. 2 h with heating at 60-70 • C. After such sample preparation and dilution with water, trace elements are determined in certified reference materials. Pyrolysis and atomisation temperatures are optimised for each element, and several modifiers are investigated. External calibration is used for every analyte. Limits of detection (LODs), precision and accuracy are reported for Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Ag and compared with those obtained after conventional acid digestion. The main advantages of the proposed method are the simplicity of sample preparation and the longer lifetime of the graphite tube.
The dry weight (d.w.) of specific tissues seems to be influenced by various important parameters (temperature, storage and weighing dishes). In this study the differences between d.w. values obtained at different temperatures were discussed and a formula for converting between them was selected. The influence of the storage and the type of weighing dishes on the resulting d.w. in various tissues was also checked. For this research samples taken from Mallards (n = 24) were used. These included brain, pectoral muscle, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and bone. The fastest water loss was noted between 1st and 4th day of drying. The temperature did not significantly influ- ence water loss in samples, but in a few tissues the differ- ences were noticeable. The d.w. of kidney, spleen, liver and lung differed statistically according to plate and stor- age factors. The interaction between these factors was significant only in the case of liver samples. Mentioned results showed that it is essential to provide all the infor- mation about the pre-mineralization stage in the methods sections of study papers.
Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry - J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM, 1998
A method to prepare biological samples to be analysed by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is proposed. A solution or slurry was formed by mixing a sample aliquot, 20-100 mg, with a small volume, 10-200 mL, of a 25% m/v tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. For animal tissues, complete dissolution was obtained, whereas for the plant and whole egg materials, slurries were obtained. The slurries were stirred manually, every three readings, in the instrument. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized, using Pd as a carrier-modifier for As, Se, Te, Ag, Cr, Cu, V, Ni, Mn, Co and Cd. An Ir-coated tube was used for Pb, Sb, Sn and Bi. External calibration was used preferentialy, but in some instances, the analyte additions method was employed. Good results were obtained for four certified reference materials. However, Cr and Cd could not be determined in the bovine muscle sample owing to spectral interferences and matrix effects, respectively. is used to stabilize and homogenize the slurry.9-12 The intro-
Analytica chimica acta, 2009
A simple method for sample preparation of biological samples for trace elements determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. Prior to analysis, 75 mg of the biological samples were accurately weighed into (15 mL) conical tubes. Then, 1 mL of 50% (v/v) tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution was added to the samples, incubated at room temperature for 12 h and the volume made up to 10 mL with a solution containing 0.5% (v/v) HNO(3), 0.01% (v/v) Triton X-100 and 10 microg L(-1) of Rh. After preparation samples may be stored at -20 degrees C during 3 days until the analysis by ICP-MS. With these conditions, the use of the dynamic reaction cell was only mandatory for chromium determination. Method detection limits were 0.2145, 0.0020, 0.0051, 0.0017, 0.0027, 0.0189, 0.02, 0.5, 0.1, 0.0030, 0.0043, 0.0066, 0.0009, 0.020, 0.0043, 0.1794, 0.1 microg(-1) for Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, V and Zn, respectively. Valid...
Comparison of three analytical methods for the determination of trace elements in whole blood
Analytica Chimica Acta, 1979
This work presents a comparison between three analytical methods developed for the simultaneous determination of eight quinolones regulated by the European Union (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, oxolinic acid and flumequine) in pig muscle, using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FD), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The procedures involve an extraction of the quinolones from the tissues, a step for clean-up and preconcentration of the analytes by solid-phase extraction and a subsequent liquid chromatographic analysis. The limits of detection of the methods ranged from 0.1 to 2.1 ng g-1 using LC-FD, from 0.3 to 1.8 using LC-MS and from 0.2 to 0.3 using LC-MS/ MS, while inter-and intra-day variability was under 15 % in all cases. Most of those data are notably lower than the maximum residue limits established by the European Union for quinolones in pig tissues. The methods have been applied for the determination of quinolones in six different commercial pig muscle samples purchased in different supermarkets located in the city of Granada (south-east Spain).
Microchemical Journal, 1998
Disorders of essential elements arise from inadequate intake, genetic defects, excessive exposure, or impaired elimination. Severe deficiency is rare, but aspecific symptoms and reduced protection against risk factors have been ascribed to suboptimal intake of trace elements. Inherited disturbances of the metabolism of copper, zinc, and molybdenum determine severe diseases, which may have fatal outcomes. Besides occupational and environmental exposure, metal toxicity has been reported in clinical conditions such as parenteral nutrition and hemodialysis. The prevention, diagnosis, and monitoring of pathological conditions related to trace elements, as well as pharmacokinetic studies of metallodrugs and therapy monitoring, rely mainly on the dosage of metals in appropriate compartments, such as blood, urine, and tissues (hair, nails, biopsies, and postmortem samples). However, appropriate compartments may not always be amenable for sampling, and determination of the total amount of an element may not be informative or may even be misleading if the compartment volume also undergoes changes or the different chemical forms of the element vary in opposite directions. New biochemical tests may become available for the prevention, diagnosis, and monitoring of disorders of trace elements as analytical techniques gain improved detection and resolution power. In particular, interest is focused on the dosage of biologically active elemental species and the application of stable isotopes in tracer studies.
The interpretation of trace element analysis in body fluids
The Indian journal of medical research, 2008
The clinical interpretation of trace element analysis has lagged behind the technology available to measure the elements in body fluids. Reports can be difficult to interpret and requires knowledge of toxicokinetics, the dynamics of how the trace metals accumulate and pass through the body. Trace element analysis is best used for specific applications, such as establishing levels of exposure, biological exposure indices, biomonitoring of populations, and to confirm an association following a compatible diagnosis. It is not well suited for screening individual patients. Chelation treatment may follow inappropriate trace element determinations and may carry a risk of side effects, some life-threatening. Trace element analysis should be used sparingly and with full understanding of what the results are likely to mean. The physician should only order the test with a clear idea of why he or she is doing so and what he or she will do with the result.
Applications of mass spectrometry in the trace element analysis of biological materials
1997
The importance of mass spectrometry for the analysis of biological material is illustrated by reviewing the different mass spectrometric methods applied and describing some typical applications published recently. Though atomic absorption spectrometry is used in the majority of analyses of biological material, most mass spectrometric methods have been used to some extent for trace element determination in biomedical research. The relative importance of the different methods is estimated by reviewing recent research papers. It is striking that especially inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is increasingly being applied, partly because the method can be used on-line after chromatographic separation, in speciation studies. Mass spectrometric methods prove to offer unique possibilities in stable isotope tracer studies and for this purpose also experimentally demanding methods such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry and accelerator mass spectrometry are frequently used. (AFS) is marginal.