Mass, Gravity, Space-Time, Dark Energy and Time (original) (raw)
Related papers
Space-time as Dark Energy and Dark Matter
American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 2016
In this paper we modify Einstein’s field equations, and write down the cosmological term and the metric tensor as an energy momentum tensor of space-time,and interpret space-time as a form of energy, not vacuum energy as such.The energy momentum tensor of space-time has equivalents of both mass and pressure components.The acceleration of the universe, Dark Energy and Dark Matter are explained in terms of the energy momentum tensor of space-time.
2013
Dark energy and dark matter constitute about 95% of the Universe. Nonetheless, not much is known about them. Existing theories, including General Relativity, fail to provide plausible definitions of the two entities, or to predict their amounts in the Universe. The present paper proposes a new special relativity theory, called Complete Relativity theory (CR) that is anchored in Galileo's relativity, but without the notion of a preferred frame. The theory results are consistent with Newtonian and Quantum mechanics. More importantly, the theory yields natural definitions of dark energy and dark matter and predicts the content of the Universe with high accuracy.
A Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Based on Relativizing Newton's Physics
The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question "what is dark matter made of?" has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which, large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside their galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given 2 recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1. At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter, such that the sum of their masses is equal to the body's mass at rest. 2. The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body's recession velocity (or redshift). 3. The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4. For redshifts z < 0.5, the universe is dominated by matter, while for redshifts z > 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5. Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 5. At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 6. Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 7. Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.
“Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2016 Awards for Essays on Gravitation.”
There Exists A Powerful Propensity For Human Scientific Inquiry To Be 'Force-Fitted' To Pre-Determined Perceptions Of Reality. Stephen Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA, British theoretical physicist and cosmologist states: “The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe”. This statement of fundamentally flawed defective logic is a profoundly erroneous premise for legitimate scientific inquiry. The premise is flawed because the falsehood of ‘the whole universe’ cannot exist. Nor can the fictional notion of ‘time’, or the fabricated concept of ‘the beginning’; or the ‘concocted’ state of ‘nothing’ be existing. Both intergalactic and quantum mechanics physics reality demonstrate this by observation and testing now, showing understanding of gravity density forces, matter, energy and distance impacts are utterly erroneous.
The Complete Theory of Gravity II
Academia, 2023
So far, physics has been the physics of real time and real space. The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, established based on real time and real space, fit precisely with experiments. The Lorentz Transformation of the special theory of relativity became the basis for unifying the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. The general theory of relativity also described gravity using the Lorentz Transformation as a skeleton, and it matched the experiment precisely. However, the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics are not still fully unified. Although string theory and M-theory have achieved a mathematical combination of two theories, they have not been able to have the experimental proof of evidence yet. Maxwell's Equations predict that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are in phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a constant value. Therefore, it was concluded that there is no medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. My theory of Complex Time predicts that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are always in quadrature phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a complex variable value dependent on Polarization Angle φ. The phase of Complex Time has the direct relation with Polarization Angle φ. Therefore, I predict that there is a medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. The medium of Free Space is the distributed inductance and capacitance network. Therefore, I proposed a falsifiable experiment to measure the intrinsic impedance of Free Space. Through the experiment, I confirm that the in-phase prediction from Maxwell's Equation is false. This proves experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time. I discovered that time has phase so that time has 2 dimensions. By proving experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time and discovering the incompleteness of Lorentz Transformation, I hit on an intuition that our universe has a hidden dimension of phase so that our universe has 5dimensional spacetime, not 4-dimensional spacetime. I discovered that Lorentz Transformation only showed how the hidden dimension of phase interacts with the 4-dimensional spacetime as shadow illusion and it is not a complete transformation between the two inertial frames. From the viewpoint of complex time, everything is standing still, which is the fundamental nature of 5-dimensional spacetime. The hidden dimension of phase creates an illusion of motion on 4-dimensional spacetime that we humans perceive as reality. Einstein Field Equation was already Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetic Force, but Albert Einstein was not able to catch it, because Einstein Field Equation is very complicated so it was not easy to understand intuitively. Einstein Field Equation explains the root cause of Mass M and Charge Q. The phase skew ξ has Higgs mechanism to create mass M. The magnitude of complex time is compressed by the phase skew ξ to create Mass. Angular Momentum L is the root cause of Charge Q, which is related with the imaginary time skew factor ζ. Complex time phase rotation from Einstein Field Equation is the key to understand Einstein Field Equation intuitively. The Complete Theory of Gravity is to prove Gravity as the root cause of Everything from Microscopic Scale to Macroscopic Scale as Theory of Everything.
The origin of Gravity, Photonic Radiation and Matter
This paper presents a new hypothesis by introducing a novel concept called progenitor state of matter and radiation. This is termed as dark state of matter and energy (DSME). It is proposed that the Gravity, Photonic Radiation and Matter originated from the dark state of matter and energy. This state is proposed to have a peculiar property, it manifests only when it is stretched, and this stretching is gravity. The value of the Gravitational Constant is variable and depends on the magnitude of this stretching. The relaxation of stretched DSME creates photonic radiation and stretching beyond a certain point produces matter. 1. What is the Dark State of Matter and Energy : The Introduction It is the progenitor state of matter and radiation. It is proposed that entire universe is filled with Dark State of Matter and Energy; empty space is actually the dark state of matter and energy, there is no domain without this. It is further proposed that all the matter and radiation originated from this Dark State of Matter and Energy only. The stretching of this DSME beyond certain level forms the matter and the relaxation in stretched DSME leads to emission of photonic radiation. The term dark is used for this state of matter and energy as this state does not interact electromagnetically in the form of prevalent defined interactions. Since this hypothesis brings in a rigorous concept of non-empty space, albeit in a non-materialistic form, so it is prudent before proceeding further to explain the null result of Michelson Morley Experiment [1]. They were expecting presence of relative motion between the Earth and the ether, presuming ether as matter. But the DSME is not matter and hence no DSME wind exists. The gravity is the direct detection of presence of stretched DSME. Only when the stretching is beyond certain critical point, the matter forms, thus the DSME stretched below this critical point can only be observed manifesting itself as gravity only. In this paper a start is made in a new direction wherein the empty space is considered as non materialistic self limiting stretchable entity with certain characteristics, this may lead to a better modeling of nature around us. Most of the relevant explained and yet unexplained, observations are taken up one by one, and as a first step in building this as theory, plausibility of this hypothesis standing upfront in explaining these observations is taken up.
A Theory of the Universe and Matter
This paper presents a new concept for particle physics, which leads to a new concept for the universe and theories in physics. That concept is that the fundamental particle in the universe is a Dark Matter (DM) particle, and our matter consists of excited DM particles. The excited DM particles are theorized as formed in small regions of the universe where DM particles have been concentrated via gravitational attraction, which also acts to concentrate gravitational potential energy. These high-energy DM concentrations energize DM particles, creating the electromagnetic fields, which forms our matter and our sub-universe. The DM particles only interact via a gravitational field; however, the excited DM is theorized to also create the electromagnetic force. The weak and strong nuclear forces are theorized as an edifice of the DM basic bubble like structure. All matter is composed of only two items, DM and energy. All particles are composed of different combinations of these two items. The greater universe is an even distribution of DM particles with all energy stored as gravitational potential. Our sub-universe is a concentration of DM and energy. The energy flows back to lower energy regions in the universe following the same principle as the thermodynamic laws. The energy flows back to the universe's lower energy regions via excited DM particles, creating the appearance of an expanding universe. Thus we live in two universes, an infinite DM universe and a finite sub-universe composed of our matter with both universes sharing the same space, time, energy, gravity and DM particles. This theory has major implications in " a theory of the universe, " particle physics and general physics. This simple assumption provides alternate theories to many of current accepted theories. The model presented herein is less complex than the current Standard Model, origin of the universe, and relativity. Many current contradictions are resolved. This theory lends itself to more rigorous mathematical modeling of physical phenomena, enabling a more rigorous mathematical modeling as compared to current theories.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH, 2021
Based on the New "G-d's Physics" ("Computational Unified Field Theory", CUFT) Paradigm of 21st Century Theoretical Physics Twenty-First Century Theoretical Physics the Old "Material-Causal" Paradigm underlying Relativity Theory (RT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) basic assumptions and conception of the physical universe are being challenged and revised: This Follows the New "G-d's Physics" discovery of the singular higher-ordered "Universal Computational/Consciousness Principle" (UCP) which simultaneously computes every exhaustive spatial pixel in the universe at the incredible rate of "c2/h" = 1.36-50 (sec') thereby creating an extremely rapid series of "Universal-Frames" (UF's), which therefore negates the very possibility of the existence of any (direct or indirect) "material-causal" interactions between any two (or more) exhaustive spatial pixels existing either in the same- or different "Universal-Frames" (UF's)! The physical universe was not created by an initial "Big-Bang" nuclear event, nor is it "propelled" by the purely "hypothetical" concepts of "dark-matter" or "dark-energy" but is rather being continuously computed- "dissolved"- re-computed- and evolved- by this singular higher-ordered UCP (at the incredible rate of "c2 /h" = 1.36-50 sec')! Moreover, the New "G-d's Physics" (CUFT) Paradigm discovered a new "Universal Computational Formula" (UCF) which allows for the complete unification of the four basic physical features of "space" and "energy", "mass" and "time" based on two of the UCP's ComputationalDimensions" of "Framework" and "Consistency" and their complete integration within this novel UCF! Therefore, for the first time, Theoretical Physics is able to completely unify between these four basic physical features of the physical universe as secondary computational by-products of the singular higher-ordered UCP's extremely rapid (simultaneous) computation of every exhaustive spatial pixel comprising the entire physical universe for each consecutive UF's frame/s!