Identifying Structural Features of Audio (original) (raw)
Related papers
Identifying structural features of radio: Orienting and memory for radio messages
1998
This paper examines the ability of nine different structural and content features of radio to elicit orienting responses from radio listereners. It further tests the effect of the orienting response on listeners' memory for information presented immediately following the orienting eliciting feature. Results show that eight of the nine features elicit orienting resonses. On average, memory is better for information presented following those features than it is for information presented before the features.
Research has used the cardiac orienting response to show that structural changes in the auditory environment cause people to briefly but automatically pay attention to messages such as radio broadcasts, podcasts, and web streaming. The voice change--an example of an auditory structural feature--elicits orienting across multiple repetitions. This article reports two experiments designed to investigate whether automatic attention allocation to repeated instances of other auditory structural features--namely production effects, jingles, and silence--is a robust phenomenon or if repetition leads to habituation. In Study 1 we show that listeners of a simulated radio broadcast exhibit orienting responses following the onset of auditory structural features that differ in semantic content. The prediction that listeners would not habituate to feature repetition was not supported. Instead, both jingles and synthesized production effects result in more iconic orienting responses to the second repetition compared to the first. However orienting significantly diminished following the third repetition of both. Study 2 replicates this result using multiple repetitions of structural features containing identical semantic content.
2020
This paper presents a subjective study conducted on the perception of salient auditory attributes depending on the listener's position and head orientations in an enclosed space. Two elicitation experiments were carried out using the Repertory Grid Technique; in-situ and laboratory experiments aimed to identify perceptual attributes among ten different combinations of the listener's positions and head orientations in a concert hall. Results revealed that, between the in-situ and laboratory experiments, the listening positions and head orientations were clustered identically. Ten salient perceptual attributes were identified from the data obtained from the laboratory experiment. Whilst these included conventional attributes such as ASW (apparent source width) and LEV (listener envelopment), new attributes such as PRL (perceived reverb loudness), ARW (apparent reverb width) and Reverb Direction were identified, and they are hypothesised to be sub-attributes of LEV (listener en...
Perception & Psychophysics, 1969
An experiment is reported on the effect of six consecutive days of exposure to distortions of binaural time and intensity cues on the localization function for tones of 350. 1000. and 4000 Hz. Tests were conducted under "free-field" conditions. The changes in auditory spatial orientation indicate that adjustments to binaurally distorted temporal and intensive cues can occur. Reorientation does not appear to depend upon the existence of veridical auditory cues.
The influence of sound processing on listeners' program choice in radio broadcasting
AES 126th Convention, Munich, Germany, 2009
Many opinions on broadcast sound processing are founded on tacit assumptions about certain effects on listeners. However, those have lacked support by internally and ecologically valid empirical data so far. Thus, under largely realistic conditions it has been experimentally investigated to what extent broadcast sound processing influences listeners' program choice. Technical features of stimuli, socio-demographic data of the test persons, and data of listening conditions have been additionally collected. In the main experiment, subjects were asked to choose one out of six audio stimuli varied in content and sound processing. The varied sound processing caused marginal and statistically not significant differences in frequencies of program choice. By contrast, a subsequent experiment enabling a direct comparison of different sound processings of the same audio content yielded distinct preferences for certain sound processings.
The Spark Orientation Effect for Improving Attention and Recall
Although some sound elements such as music or sound effects are commonly used in audiovisual messages, little research has been conducted to determine whether they guarantee better cognitive processing. The purpose of this study is to improve listeners’ cognitive processing by determining the effectiveness of several sound elements in an audio message. We analyzed the capacity and the position in radio commercials of three orienting elements—appeals to the listener, music, and sound effects—to determine if and how they enhanced the listener’s attention and recall. The findings indicated that the use of orienting elements significantly increased the level of attention and recall of the listeners, especially in the case of sound effects. Regarding the position of the orienting elements, the study showed they were used effectively when focused on the whole structure of the message, applying the so-called spark orientation effect.
Journal of Radio Studies, 2000
This experiment tested the ability of a limited-capacity model of cognition to predict listener reactions to changes in the structural complexity of radio promotional announcements. Past research shows that certain auditory structural features cause listeners to automatically allocate cognitive resources to message encoding. This study shows that increasing the number of such features in promos leads to better recognition, free recall, delayed free recall, and more positive attitudes about promos and the stations that produce them. Despite decades of predictions to the contrary, radio continues to be a medium used by millions of Americans. There are more than 11,000 radio stations in this country, and more than five radios in every United States household (Mateliski, 1995). What's more, those radios are being listened to by a lot of people. Recent industry research indicates that as many as 80% of American adults listen to the radio daily compared to only 73% of adults who watch television (Merli, 1998). In fact, over the past decade the radio audience has continuously increased while the audience for both television and newspapers has declined (Ditingo, 1999). Whether we are tuning in to hear weather and traffic updates, a new hip-hop song, or the public debate surrounding the latest political scandal, there is little doubt that radio continues to be a vital ingredient in the daily media menu of many individuals, and that the number of people being reached by radio is increasing.
Neuropsychologia, 1996
Normal subjects showedcosts and benefitsof informative auditory spatial cues with auditory targets in RT tasks when stimulusintensity was low, or when the stimuliwerepresentedmonaurally through headphones.Thesefindingsimplythat attention to auditory stimuli, like attention to visual or tactile stimuli, can be shifted spatially in detection tasks, and that qovertorienting to auditory stimuli occurs in conditions favoring the intention to orient the head to a sound source. Accordingto this view, orienting of attention to auditory stimuli,as wellas to visualand tactile stimuli,is linkedfunctionallyto mechanismscontrollingovert orienting movementsthat increase stimulusidentification.Copyright Q 1996ElsevierScienceLtd