Ethernet – A Survey on its Fields of Application (original) (raw)
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Ethernet goes real-time: a survey on research and technological developments
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Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology. Its low price and robustness, resulting from its wide acceptance and deployment, has created an eagerness to expand its responsibilities to the factory-floor, where real-time requirements are to be fulfilled. However, it is difficult to build a real-time control network using Ethernet, because its MAC protocol, the 1-persistent CSMA/CD protocol with the BEB collision resolution algorithm, has unpredictable delay characteristics. Many anticipate that the recent technological advances in Ethernet such as the emerging Fast/Gigabit Ethernet, micro-segmentation and full-duplex operation using switches will also enable it to support time-critical applications. This technical report provides a comprehensive look at the unpredictability inherent to Ethernet and at recent technological advances towards real-time operation. 1
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Ethernet has been the indisputable technology of choice for the local area networks (LANs) for more than 30 years. Its popularity is due to its versatility, plug-n-play feature, and low cost. It has transformed from a CSMA/CD technology providing low throughput to a full duplex link increasing the throughput 1000 folds. Despite these improvements, Ethernet is still restricted to local area networks, and is not ready to become a carrier grade technology for wider areas. However, there are efforts to assist the transformation of Ethernet from the mainstream LAN technology to the possible adoption for metropolitan area networks (MENs). This paper will introduce the movement from basic Ethernet to the carrier grade Ethernet for MENs. The paper describes the underlying technology, offered services, the state-of-the-art, and the comparison between various technologies. In the context of the move from LAN to MAN, various problems and their corresponding solutions are discussed, along with the future of Metro Ethernet Network. 2
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This paper summarises the materials presented in [11] concerning the quest for real-time behaviour over Ethernet and the new protocol FTT-Ethernet. This paper then includes a discussion on the use of this new protocol on networks based on switches, as this is becoming the main architectural choice in LANs.
Real time characteristics of Ethernet and its improvement
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There is a growing interest of using Ethernet to support time constrained communication raised from process control, factory automation and other real-time applications. This paper first presents a comprehensive analysis of the temporal characteristics of traditional Ethernet and the improvements for them, then summarizes the interesting features offered by a switched Ethernet for supporting time constrained communication. At last, this paper points that it still lacks of general means to handle capability of switched Ethernet after investigating QoS (Quality of Service) of switched Ethernet.
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TECNICAcontrollo Standard Ethernet in real-time , industrial applications
2010
Though Ethernet has been used in real-time and industrial applications since it first appeared, there have always been claims that it isn’t suited for this because of its intrinsic nondeterminism [1][4]. This has generated several enhancement attempts (collectively dubbed industrial Ethernet), conflicting with each other and often incompatible with the standard [24][26], with which they share sometimes only one characteristic, wiring; even when coexistence and cooperation are possible, the problem remains that a major advantage of Ethernet, the wide availability of low cost interface circuits and connectivity devices, is lost [16]. No convenient alternative to plain Ethernet has ever emerged, neither an Ethernet based field bus, nor an alternative LAN approach (Token Bus [11], Token Ring [12]), and, eventually, the introduction of switched Ethernet has significantly improved its real-time characteristics [1][4][5], thus relieving some of the previous concerns: so we think that plain...
Effective Data Rate on Ethernet Interfaces For Embedded Systems: A Comparative Analysis
Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 2013
This contribution proposes, discusses and analyzes different solutions for the implementation of Ethernet interfaces for embedded systems that show realistic compromise between performance and development cost. Two well-known approaches based on low cost microcontrollers are discussed. In the sequel, two novel approaches, which are based on field programmable gate array (FPGA), are introduced. The comparison analysis of the suitability of the proposed approaches against those based on microcontrollers is addressed on two case studies. The first case study, which makes use of a prototype of communication interface for a webserver application, points out that the proposed approaches based on FPGA devices can offer the best tradeoff between performance and development cost. Also, it reveals that the flexibility offered by FPGA devices is a powerful tool to allow fast update of the firmware and hardware of the embedded systems. The second case study, which analyzes the solutions in a prototype of an internet-based authentication solution for biometric access control system, indicates that the highest bit-rate can only be achieved if the commu