Authoritative parenting and adolescents' adjustment: A longitudinal study (original) (raw)
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Child Development, 1994
In a previous report, we demonstrated that adolescents' adjustment varies as a function of their parents' style (e.g., authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful). This 1-year followup was conducted in order to examine whether the observed differences are maintained over time. In 1987, an ethnically and socioeconomically heterogeneous sample of approximately 2,300 14-18-year-oIds provided infomiation used to classify the adolescents' families into 1 of 4 parenting style groups. That year, and again 1 year later, the students completed a battery of standardized instruments tapping psychosocia! development, school achievement, internalized distress, and behavior problems. Differences in adjustment associated with variations in parenting are either maintained or increase over time. However, whereas the benefits of authoritative parenting are largely in the maintenance of previous levels of high adjustment, the deleterious consequences of neglectful parenting continue to accumulate. An extensive literature on socialization rind (1967,1971). Children who are raised in practices and their effects provides consis-authoritative homes score higher than their tent evidence that parental warmth, indue-peers from authoritarian, indulgent, or netive discipline, nonpunitive punishment glectful homes on a wide variety of measures practices, and consistency in child rearing of competence, achievement, social develare each associated with positive develop-opment, self-perceptions, and mental health mental outcomes in children (Maccoby & (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Several recent Martin, 1983). Since the early 1970s, this studies have applied Baumrind's model to constellation of practices has come to be explain variations in pattems of adolescent known as "authoritative" parenting, one of development, including academic achieveseveral prototypic styles of parenting identi-ment, psychosocial development, behavior fied in the seminal studies of Diana Baum-problems, and psychological symptoms
Developmental Psychology, 2012
In the present research on parenting and adolescent behavior, there is much focus on reciprocal, bidirectional, and transactional processes, but parenting-style research still adheres to a unidirectional perspective in which parents affect youth behavior but are unaffected by it. In addition, many of the most cited parenting-style studies have used measures of parental behavioral control that are questionable because they include measures of parental knowledge. The goals of this study were to determine whether including knowledge items might have affected results of past studies and to test the unidirectional assumption. Data were from 978 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study. Parenting-style and adolescent adjustment measures at 2 time points were used, with a 2-year interval between time points. A variety of internal and external adjustment measures were used. Results showed that including knowledge items in measures of parental behavioral control elevated links between behavioral control and adjustment. Thus, the results and conclusions of many of the most highly cited studies are likely to have been stronger than if the measures had focused strictly on parental behavior. In addition, adolescent adjustment predicted changes in authoritative and neglectful parenting styles more robustly than these styles predicted changes in adolescent adjustment. Adolescent adjustment also predicted changes in authoritativeness more robustly than authoritativeness predicted changes in adjustment. Thus, parenting style cannot be seen as independent of the adolescent. In summary, both the theoretical premises of parenting-style research and the prior findings should be revisited.
Perceived parenting and adolescents’ adjustment
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
Adolescence is an important developmental period that is characterised by heightened problems of adjustment. The aim of this study is to analyse adolescents' adjustment, and to explore the typologies and dimensions of parenting, and thus to determine the relationships between these factors. The sample comprised 1285 adolescent students aged 12 to 16 from the Basque Country (Spain). The students filled out the self-report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire, (PARQ/Control). Differences by age were found in the adolescents' school maladjustment and parenting style perception. Moreover, perceptions of little parental warmth were related to higher levels of clinical and school maladjustment, and the lower the parental control, the greater the clinical maladjustment. Finally, the results obtained revealed that the interaction between the mothers' and fathers' parenting styles was significant only for clinical maladjustment; those students with neglectful mothers and authoritative fathers presented the highest level of clinical maladjustment, followed by other combinations of neglectful mothers. Furthermore, the students from neglectful and authoritarian families presented the highest levels of school maladjustment, without differences between neglectful and authoritarian or between indulgent and authoritative families.
Adolescent Adjustment and Patterns of Parents' Behaviors in Early and Middle Adolescence
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2009
In this study, we identified unique clusters of parenting behaviors based on parents' school involvement, community involvement, rule-setting, and cognitive stimulation with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics—Child Development Supplement. In early (n=668) and middle adolescence (n=634), parents who provided high cognitive stimulation (i.e., cognitive enrichment parents) or engaged in all parenting behaviors (i.e., engaged parents) had the highest family income, parent education, and percentage of European Americans. Adolescents of cognitive enrichment or engaged parents often evidenced the highest academic and social adjustment. Adolescents whose parents set a large number of rules (i.e., “Rule setters”) or were also heavily involved in the community (i.e., the “Managers” cluster) had the lowest adjustment.
Assessment, 2017
This study examined the structural validity of the parenting concept throughout adolescence. First, we examined whether an established five-dimension parenting model including support, proactive control, punitive control, harsh punitive control, and psychological control, showed longitudinal invariance across time (i.e., early, middle, and late adolescence) and measurement invariance across informants (i.e., mothers, fathers, and adolescents). Second, patterns of continuity and discontinuity in these dimensions were examined from the perspective of the different informants. In a four-wave accelerated longitudinal study with 1,111 adolescents and their parents, a multigroup structural equation modelling showed partial scalar invariance across adolescence and across informants. Subsequent growth modelling indicated that parenting was relatively stable over time and that similar patterns were present for mother, father, and adolescent ratings of parenting. Future research on associatio...
Patterns of parenting across adolescence
New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005
Patterns of change in parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control were examined longitudinally across adolescence.
Psychology research, 2020
The present study explored the extent to which parent's demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, education, place of residence, and family income have an influence on the parental style they adopt and consequently on their perception of their children's psychological adjustment in regards to their family relationships, peer relationships, school performance, and the development of their self-esteem. Various studies conducted in the past as well as in recent years indicate that parental demographic characteristics are significantly linked with parenting behavior (parental styles) and predict the way parents perceive their children's adjustment, development, and school achievement. The present study was quantitative and we applied three different self-report questionnaires, namely, a Personal Information Form (PIF) for the demographic data, the Parental Authority Styles (PAQ) Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire of Children's Family Relations, School Performance, Social Competence, and Self-Esteem. We administered the instruments to 336 Cypriot parents (23% fathers and 77% mothers). Our results showed that parent's demographics are significantly related to the parenting styles they adopt. Furthermore, authoritative parenting is significantly correlated with positive parental perceptions of children' school performance, family relationships, social skills, and self-esteem. On the contrary, authoritarian parenting is a significant negative predictor to parental perceptions of children's adjustment in the aforementioned areas of development.