Laterocavernous sinus (original) (raw)
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Angiographic Anatomy of the Laterocavernous Sinus
2000
The laterocavernous sinus (LCS) has recently been recognized as one of the major drainage pathways of the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV). Our purpose was to investigate the drainage pattern of the SMCV, with special emphasis on the angiographic anatomy of the LCS.
Anatomy of cerebral veins and sinuses
Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, 2008
The veins of the brain have no muscular tissue in their thin walls and possess no valves. They emerge from the brain and lie in the subarachnoid space. They pierce the arachnoid mater and the meningeal layer of the dura and drain into the cranial venous sinuses. The cerebral venous system can be divided into a superficial and a deep system. The superficial system comprises sagittal sinuses and cortical veins, which drain superficial surfaces of both cerebral hemispheres. The deep system consists of the lateral sinus, straight sinus and sigmoid sinus along with draining deeper cortical veins. Both of these systems mostly drain into internal jugular veins. Generally, venous blood drains into the nearest venous sinus or, in the case of blood draining from the deepest structures, into deep veins. The superficial cerebral veins are interlinked with anastomotic veins of Trolard and Labbé. Thus, the superolateral surface of the hemisphere drains into the superior sagittal sinus while the p...
The craniocervical venous system in relation to cerebral venous drainage
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2002
Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems. Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation. The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple co...
Venous Channels within the Intracranial Dural Partitions
Radiology, 1975
Complete dura maters exclusive of their midline basilar attachments were obtained by autopsy from persons of all age groups. Vinylite casts of the venous channels in the diaphragma sellae, falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli were made by injecting a mixture of Vinylite and acetone, after which the specimens were fixed in formalin and subsequently corroded with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Studies showed that the size and position of the channels within the diaphragma sellae were quite constant. Large venous lakes were present in the falx cerebelli and contiguous suboccipital dura mater, and venous pools were also seen connecting the caudal end of the inferior sagittal sinus and the superior sagittal sinus. A great variety of channels were observed in the tentorium cerebelli.
Intracranial Nonjugular Venous Pathways: A Possible Compensatory Drainage Mechanism
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2013
The IJVs are considered to be the main pathway draining the intracranial venous system. There is increasing evidence for the existence of alternative venous pathways. Studies using extracranial sonography techniques have demonstrated a nonjugular venous system. In the current study, we used MR images to investigate the NJV drainage system and its components (vertebral plexus, pterygopalatine plexus). The exact visualization and measurement of the intracranial NJVs could be of diagnostic importance and may have clinical importance.
Neuroradiology, 2008
Introduction We evaluated the normal venous anatomy of the anterior medullary/anterior pontomesencephalic venous (AMV/APMV) system and bridging veins connected to the dural sinuses using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and demonstrated cases of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with bridging venous drainage. Materials and methods MR images obtained using a 3D gradient echo sequence in 70 patients without lesions affecting the deep or posterior venous channels were reviewed to evaluate the normal anatomy of the AMV/ APMV system and bridging veins. MR images and digital subtraction angiography in 80 cases with intracranial or craniocervical junction DAVFs were reviewed to evaluate the bridging venous drainage from DAVFs. Results MR images clearly revealed AMV/APMV in 35 cases. Fifteen cases showed a direct connection between AMV and APMV, while 15 cases showed an indirect communication via the transverse pontine vein or the bridging vein. In the five remaining cases, the AMV and APMV end separately to the bridging vein or the transverse pontine vein. Bridging veins were identified in 34 cases, connecting to the cavernous sinus in 33, to the suboccipital cavernous sinus in 11, and the inferior petrosal sinus in five cases. In 80 DAVF cases, seven of 40 cavernous sinus DAVFs, two craniocervical junction DAVFs, and one inferior petrosal sinus DAVF drained via bridging veins to the brain stem. Conclusion The AMV/APMV and bridging veins showed various anatomies and frequently showed a connection to the cavernous sinus. Knowledge of the venous anatomy is helpful for the diagnosis and intravascular treatment of DAVFs.
Cranial venous sinus dominance: what to expect? Analysis of 100 cerebral angiographies
Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2017
Data of 100 cerebral angiographies were retrospectively analyzed (p = 0.05). Mean age was 56.3 years, 62% female and 38% male. Measurements and dominance are shown in the Tables. There was no association between age or gender and dominance. Right parasagittal division of the superior sagittal sinus was associated with right dominance of the transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein; and left parasagittal division of the superior sagittal sinus was associated with left dominance of the transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein. A dominance pattern of cranial venous sinuses was found. Age and gender did not influence this pattern. Angiographic findings, such as division of the superior sagittal sinus, were associated with a pattern of cranial venous dominance. We hope this article can add information and assist in preoperative venous analysis for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists.
T here are several reasons that the veins of the cerebrum have received little attention in the neurosurgical literature. Earlier studies of these veins have fo-cused predominantly on the lateral surface of the cerebrum and lacked the detail needed for operations on the medial and basal surfaces. Frequent variations in the size and connections of these veins have made it difficult to define a normal pattern, and the nomenclature used to describe the veins has infrequently been applicable to the operative situation. The fact that sacrifice of the major trunks of the deep venous system only infrequently leads to venous infarction with mass effect and neurological deficit is attributed to the diffuse anastomoses between the veins. On the other hand, injury to this complicated venous network may cause severe deficits, including hemiplegia, coma, and death. The cerebral veins may pose a major obstacle to operative approaches to deep-seated lesions, especially in the pineal region under the temporal lobe and along the central part of the superior sagittal sinus. At numerous sites, the displacement of the veins may provide more accurate localizing information on neuroradiological studies than the arteries, because the veins are often more adherent to the brain than the arteries, which are not tightly adherent to the cortical surface as they pass through the cisterns, fissures, and sulci. The ventricular veins also provide larger and more valuable landmarks in the lateral ventricle than the arteries, especially if hydrocepha-lus-a common result of ventricular tumors-is present, because the borders between the neural structures in the ventricular walls become less distinct as the ventricles dilate. The cerebral veins are divided into a superficial group and a deep group. The superficial group drains the cortical surfaces. The deep group drains the deep white and gray matter and collects into channels that course through the walls of the ven-tricles and basal cisterns to drain into the internal cerebral, basal, and great veins.
BACKGROUND: The cavernous sinus communicates with several para-cavernous sinus venous struc- tures, receiving blood flow from the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV), the sphenoparietal sinus (SPS), and the superior ophthalmic vein, and draining into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses and pterygoid and basilar plexuses. Anatomic variations of these veins have been previously reported; however, some details, such as the relationship between the SPS and the SMCV, are incompletely characterized. The anatomic variations of para-cavernous sinus veins, especially drainage patterns of the SMCV, were evaluated on MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, including those without any lesions affecting the cavernous sinus or para-cavernous veins and patients with carotid cavernous fistulas, were examined by using fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced 3D fast gradient-echo MR imaging. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the images on a viewer, regarding the normal anatomy and...