Agricultural palm oil tree residues as raw material for cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses production by ethylene glycol pulping process (original) (raw)
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Suitable approach using agricultural residues for pulp and paper manufacturing
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, 2017
The chemical compositions, fibre dimensions, elemental analysis and paper characteristics of sesame, karkadeh and okra stalks were studied in this work. It was found that the α-cellulose content of karkadeh, sesame and okra stalks were 45.8, 42.3 and 37.9%, respectively. Klason lignin was found to be the highest in okra 21.4% while it was 20.8 and 19.3% in sesame and karkadeh, respectively. Soda and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping as sulfur-free processes were applied on these raw materials for producing pulp fibers. The results showed that a lower kappa number, higher screened pulp yield, and better paper handsheet properties were obtained for the pulp produced via soda-AQ pulping than the soda process. The soda-AQ and soda pulping of karkadeh generated pulp with the highest yields of 46.6% and 43.5% and kappa numbers of 18.0 and 19.4, respectively. Papers produced from karkadeh pulp showed the highest brightness of 77.64 and 75.50%, tensile index of 52.3 and 51.7 N.m/g, tear index of 4.6 and 5.5 mNm2/g and burst index of 3.9 and 3.5 KPa m2/g for soda-AQ and soda pulp, respectively. Furthermore, the morphological analysis and chemical compositions of karkadeh, sesame and okra stalks showed their suitability for pulp and paper production. ADDRESSES OF THE AUTHORS: Haroon A. M. Saeed (haroonsaeed75@gmail.com) b Center of Fibers, Papers and Recycling, Faculty of Textiles, University of Gezira, Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Yu Liu (leoliuyu@163.com) Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Shandong Province) Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.; Honglei Chen (shaming007@163.com) Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Shandong Province) Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, P.R. China; Lucian A. Lucia (lalucia@ncsu.edu) c Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC27695-8005, USA. Corresponding authors: Haroon A. M. Saeed and Yu
2012
Oil palm industries produce an enormous quantity of lignocellulosic biomass; in the form of large leaves of palm tree, pruned fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT) at the plantations site. Besides this, the processing of fresh fruit bunches in the oil mills generates empty fruit bunches (EFB), shells, kernel cake and mesocarp fibers. The proper management of this burgeoning waste and its disposal is an ardent task and creates environmental hazards. In order to deal with the biomass residues, the urgent need is that it should be transformed into resources with industrial utility. As the economic development has resulted in the significant increased demand for paper, the industry is looking for eccentric sources to fulfill the requirement. The pulp and paper industry preferred use of coniferous and deciduous trees for papermaking because their cellulose fibers in the pulp make durable paper. With improvements in pulp processing technology, fibers of almost any non-wood of plants species like bamboo, cereal straw, sugarcane, flax, hemp and jute can be used for paper pulp. Substituting this lignocellulosic material can reduce the burden on forest while supporting the natural biodiversity. The present review deals with the possibilities of using oil palm biomass as a raw material for pulp and papermaking, as this would ameliorate its waste management problem. The potential of oil palm biomass and the challenges regarding its use in papermaking are discussed. The use of oil palm biomass will apparently prove that the oil palm industry is ecofriendly in every aspect of its activities and aid in sustainability of forest ecosystem.
Soda-AQ pulping of residues from oil palm industry
Cellulose Chemistry and Technology
The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the suitability of soda-AQ process for pulping EFB (empty fruit bunches), viewed as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. To this end, a central composite design was used to study the influence of various operational variables -temperature (155-185 ºC), cooking time (30-90 min), soda concentration (10-20%), anthraquinone concentration (0-1%) and liquid/solid ratio (6:8) -during soda-anthraquinone cooking of EFB, on the pulp and paper sheet properties obtained. The equations relating the dependent variables (pulp and paper sheet properties, yield, Kappa number, viscosity, beating degree, tensile index, stretch, burst index, tear index and brightness) to the independent ones (temperature, cooking time, soda concentration, anthraquinone concentration and liquid/solid ratio) were established, with errors below 15%, in all cases. The Kappa number range (10.8-74.3), viscosity (282-849 mL/g) and brightness (44.7-65.6%) of these cellulosic pulp materials are not appropriate for highbrightness printing papers. Instead, the physical properties (28.65 kN/g, 2.84%, 1.98 kPam 2 /g, 0.54 mNm 2 /g for tensile index, stretch, burst index and tear index, respectively) recommend the cellulosic pulp obtained from the soda-AQ process for strengthening the virgin fibre in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of packaging.
2015
11 Abstract— This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the pretreatments for cellulose extraction of oil palm residues. Steam explosion method and acid or alkaline digestion based on detergent analysis method were the pretreatments used in this research. Four types of oil palm residues were considered: oil palm seed meal, oil palm meal, oil palm leaf, and oil palm trunk. The effectiveness of the two pretreatments was determined by measuring the amounts of percent cellulose extracted from all four types of oil palm residues. The cases steam explosion pretreatment provided higher percent cellulose than the acid or alkaline digestion cases did for all cases. Oil palm seed meal showed the highest percent cellulose extracted compared to those of the other three oil palm residues for both pretreatments.
Comparison of treatments for cellulose pulp from agro-industrial wastes from the Amazon region
Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia
Agroindustrial waste (AIW) is a potential source of cellulose, which can be obtained through different treatments. In this study, we evaluated four delignification treatments (10% sodium hydroxide, 50% ethanol, distilled water, and 25% Mohr's salt) to obtain cellulose pulp from four Amazonian AIWs (banana peel, cassava peel, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk). Our results showed that sodium hydroxide treatment had the highest lignin removal and increased cellulose content, while Mohr's salt treatment had the lowest cellulose yield and lignin removal. Banana peel and rice husk had the highest cellulose yield, while cassava peel had the lowest. Distilled water treatment at medium temperature had similar lignin removal and cellulose yield to the sodium hydroxide and ethanol treatments. Our findings suggest that AIWs have great potential as a source of cellulose and that these economical, simple, and eco-friendly treatments can be used to obtain high-purity cellulose from AIWs.
OPTIMIZATION OF PULP YIELD FOR CATALYZED-MEA CONVERSION OF AGRO-WASTES TO PAPER-PULP
International Journal of Science Academic Research, 2021
This paper investigates the suitability of Catalyzed-MEA pulping of agro-biomass (empty fruit bunches), viewed as alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. In this research work, the effect of three (3) pulping additives (anthraquinone, polysulfide and surfactant) used in the monoethanolamine pulping of agro-biomass, their possible interactions and the influence of operational variables on pulp yield were investigated. The agro-fibers were cut in bits and pulped using a biomass digester. For the pulping process, a 15litre capacity rotating type wood digester was used to pulp 1000 o.d. g of biomass considering the best pulping conditions investigated in previous research study (cooking temperature =125±2oC, cooking time =77.783minutes, liquor concentration=87.493%, and liquor/biomass ratio=4.832/1) that furnished the best pulp yield. The lid of the digester is attached at the top with measuring devices of temperature and pressure with careful consideration of other factors to ensure the cooking conditions are strictly adhered to. The cooking operation of the digester was designed so that the experimental conditions considered the following factors and levels: Factor 1: 0, 0.25 and 0.5% Surfactant charge, Factor 2: 0, 2 and 4% polysulfide charge, Factor 3: 0, 0.25 and 0.5% anthraquinone. The experimental design had 27 treatments (3×3×3) and 2 replicates. In this research, a non-ionic commercial surfactant was used; the polysulfide was generated by the addition of sulfure to the hot white liquor (80oC) under agitation until complete dissolution. By using a central composite factorial design, equations relating the dependent variable (pulp yield) to the different independent variables (surfactant, polysulfide and anthraquinone concentration) were derived; reproducing the experimental result for the dependent variable with errors less than 15%. The pulp yield range (42.12-53.17%), Kappa number (10.8-34.3), viscosity (382-849 ml/g) and brightness (65.7-90.6%). This is an indicative of the fact that the cellulosic pulp materials are averagely appropriate for high-brightness printing papers. It is also recommended that the cellulosic pulp obtained from the MEA process as virgin fiber is suitable for strengthening secondary fibers in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of writing, printing and packaging paper materials.
MEA-conversion of agro-wastes to paper-pulp: Optimization of pulping conditions
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2021
This paper investigates the potentials of a novel environmental friendly pulping (Monoethanoleamine-MEA) process in comparison with conventional Soda and Kraft pulping processes in furnishing high yield pulp from agro-biomass for the formation Papers and other paper products. The pulping investigation had three (3) factors at three (3) different levels each: Factor 1, MEA concentration (50, 75 and 100%); Factor 2, cooking time (60, 90 and 120minutes); Factor 3, liquor-biomass ratio (4, 6 and 8) at a fixed temperature of 123±5oC. Consequently, the experimental design had 27 treatments (3×3×3) and 2 replicates. By using a central composite factorial design, equations relating the dependent variable (pulp yield) to the different independent variables (cooking temperature, cooking time and liquor concentration) were derived; reproducing the experimental result for the dependent variable with errors less than 15%. Models were evaluated to analyze the effect of experimental pulping conditions on pulp properties and evaluate the effect of these properties on furnished paper samples. Pulp Screened Yields was in the range of 42.45 to 49.18% calculated on oven dry (O.D) basis. The resultant pulps obtained from the cooking operation had very good appearance, exhibiting fairly bright color, with slow tendency to felt, thereby making drainage and consequent paper making time short. It is recommended that the cellulosic pulp obtained from MEA pulping of EFB is appropriate as virgin fiber for strengthening secondary fibers in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of writing, printing and packaging paper materials. Conclusive investigation on EFB fiber in this research study asserts that it has a promising future (when used in blend with certain long fiber plant i.e. kenaf) in substituting wood in the pulp, paper and fiberboard industry. Conclusive investigation also asserts from overall parameter achieved that monoethanolamine-MEA when used as the main de-lignifying agent furnished pulp and subsequent paper with good strength properties that can adequately match those from conventional (i.e. kraft and soda) processes and because it works without the use of sulphur compounds, it attributes a particular benefit of simple MEA recovery by distillation, allowing black liquor combustion to be dispensed and the dissolved lignin recovered without negative impact on the environment.
A review on cellulose and its utilization from agro‑industrial waste
Association of Pharmaceutical Innovators, 2018
Agro-industrial waste removal is a serious issue of concerning in developing countries. Cellulose is a polysaccharide polymer. This present review explores cellulose history, structure, worldwide production, and extraction of cellulose from agro-waste. A wide spectrum of researches in the arena of properties of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; their degradation; sources and composition of cellulosic and its derivatives from agro-industrial wastes; present status of converting them into value-added products of food and pharmaceutical applications. Cellulose is a tremendous product due to its abundance and characteristic structural properties. The major industrial source of cellulose is vascular plants. The lignocellulosic materials, especially agro-industrial residues, are important as reinforcement products for building construction material industry, in terms of environmental preferences of the modern society. Most paper products generate from wood pulp, while textile fibers are commonly not isolated from woody fibers. The materials based on cellulose and its derivatives have been used for a wide variety of applications, such as food additives, paper manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, or other chemical engineering uses, such as chromatography, paints, and explosives.
Increased Cellulose Levels in Organosolv Pretreatment Process in Bioethanol Production
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019
Bioethanol is one type of biofuel that is present as an alternative fuel that is more environmentally friendly and produced from starch-containing foods such as oil palm fronds (PKS). Some methods of processing lignocellulose materials for the manufacture of bioethanol such as organosolv pretreatment which is a key process and determine the next stage, namely hydrolysis, and fermentation in the manufacture of bioethanol. The aim of the study was to extract lignin and improve the accessibility of cellulose. The research method in this study was influenced by variables used, namely operating time (60; 120; 180 minutes), ethanol concentration (35; 55; 75% v/v), operating temperature (100; 120; 150°C), size of coconut midrib 250 mesh palm oil and 1% sulfuric acid concentration (as a catalyst). Research shows that, successfully reducing lignin levels by 3.4% and increasing cellulose levels by 15.11%. Before the treatment of organosolv pretreatment on oil palm fronds, the composition of l...