Probiotics And Health: A New Emerging Modality In Bio-Therapeutics (original) (raw)

The Use of Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases

2018

The Use of Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases 1. Introduction There are numerous groups of microbes collectively working in human body to perform various functions (Amara and Shibl, 2015). Microbes have associated with various roles which include causing of diseases and some with beneficial functions such as production of fermented foods, like dairy products, bread, wines, vegetables and other numerous activities. (Fioranmonti et al.,2003). Microbes in human guts perform various beneficial responsibilities which include helping to supplement for deficiencies of digestive systems by reducing the steps required to change complex food substances to simpler ones the body can absorb. There are some other types which compete with these beneficial ones and bring about improper digestion and can add toxins to food during digestive processes (Amara, 2012). Sullivan et al (1992) stated that most of the bacteria found in human body have the gut as their habitat and the intestinal microbiota have metabolic functions such as fermenting indigestible dietary residue and endogenous mucus, saving energy, production of vitamin K and absorption of ions. Gut microbes are either commensals (native colonizing) or transient (microbes passing through) which can be beneficial, potentially harmful or pathogenic. Beneficial microbes help the body through interaction with the host immune system and also serve as competitive inhibitors of pathogens; they also ferment carbohydrates without producing toxins. Microbes not habitual residents of the gut can be introduced into the gut as probiotics to influence the actions of the gut microbes (Sullivan et al., 1992). FAO/WHO (2002) defined probiotics as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amount confer health benefits on the host. Probiotics are considered as living microbes that can be administered into the intestinal bionetwork in adequate number to perform effect positive health effects (Gismondo et al.,1999). Ishibashi and Yamazaki (2001) defined probiotics as a food (feed) or drug containing live microbes that when ingested, is expected to confer beneficial physiological effect on the host animal through microbial action. It is essential to note that microbial components and metabolites are not included in the definition of probiotics. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO/WHO, 2001), and the International Scientific Association for Probiotics (Reid et al., 2003) defined probiotics as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amount confer a health benefits on the host.

The Impact of Probiotics on the Gastrointestinal Physiology

New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology, 2012

Researches concerning probiotics were initiated by a Russian scientist named Elie Metchnikoff. He emphasized the importance of Lactobacillus species and fermented milk products present in the gastrointestinal tract for a healthy and long life. The term "probiotics" was first introduced in 1953 by Werner Kollath, and he defined probiotics as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. Afterwards, the term "probiotics" was defined by Roy Fuller in 1989 as a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host. Although, this definition has been widely used by the entire scientific world, according to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, probiotics are: "Live microorganisms confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts" (FAO/WHO, 2001). The most frequently used probiotic microorganisms are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. However, there are also much more bacteria and some yeast species used as probiotic. Bacteria and yeast species, which are used commonly as probiotic, are listed by Heyman & Menard (2002) as below.

Probiotics as Biotherapeutic Agents: Present Knowledge and Future Prospects

Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2003

Since the early observations of Elie Metchnikoff, a wealth of experiments have described the use of selected microorganisms, mainly belonging to the lactic acid bacteria family, for the prevention or treatment of a variety of pathological situations. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the proposed actions remain vastly unknown, partly as a consequence of the complexity of the gastro-intestinal ecosystem with which these biotherapeutic agents are expected to interact, but also because of the increasing variety of strains considered to have potential probiotic characteristics. During the past decades, however, the beneficial effect of specific strains in preventing or treating intestinal disorders has been substantiated by well-controlled clinical trials. Increasing evidence, including human studies, is also supporting the immunomodulatory role attributed to given lactic acid bacterial strains. The desire by consumers to use natural methods for health maintenance rather than long-term chemotherapeutic agents (i.e. antibiotics), linked to their expectation that food becomes a source of prolonged well-being, supports the speculation that the probiotic market will expand rapidly. Much of this growth will also depend on the reliability of claims that these products will bare. Therefore, the legislator will have to provide clear rules and regulations which will depend on measurable biomarkers and criteria based on scientific evidence. These commercial and legislative needs will hopefully provide scientists with the resources necessary to conduct the multidisciplinary research required to establish facts and mechanisms of action for carefully selected probiotic strains. These research results will probably be as essential for the positioning of probiotic preparations as either a food, a food supplement or as pharmaceutical preparation.

Probiotics: The Benefits of Bacterial Cultures

Comprehensive Therapy, 2005

Our patients are using supplements that contain live bacteria. Many gastroenterologists are prescribing these treatments for a variety of conditions. However, many physicians are unclear as to the indications for these supplements or the evidence for or against their use. Probiotic bacteria have been defined as dietary supplements of living microorganisms that produce a preventative or health benefit to the host (1). They are usually taken in capsule form. Probiotic therapies can also be taken in food form and are known as "functional foods." They are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for any specific conditions, but they are most commonly known as supplemental treatments for gastrointestinal (GI) disease, genito-urological disease, allergy, surgical and wound infections, oncology, and to "rebalance" the intrinsic bacterial environment in the body. The possible application of probiotics in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and the eradication of multidrugresistant microorganisms has also been proposed. There are many characteristics deemed desirable in the "ideal" probiotic supplement, including that it be nonpathogenic, able to colonize the GI tract, and stimulate host immune system function. Commonly used probiotics include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus species. The beneficial potential of live bacteria-containing foods has been discussed throughout the history of medicine. Bacteria in yogurt have been

Probiotics and its Effects on Human Health-A Review

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2016

Probiotics term derived from Greek word pro (favor) and bios (live). The word probiotics was introduced by Parker (1974). Origin The ancient records tells about the beneficial possessions of live microbial food supplements like fermented milks dates back many centuries and their usage in treatment of body ailments has been stated even in Biblical scriptures. Scientists of early ages, such as Hippocrates and others stated fermented milk not only a food product but a

The use of probiotics in medical practice

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2000

Probiotics are defined as living organisms, beneficial to health when ingested. Different species of microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria or yeasts have been proposed for human use. These microorganisms differ from each other and it is, therefore, unlikely that they will act in the same way. Probiotics could be used for several conditions such as diarrhoea, candidal vaginitis, urinary tract infections, immune disorders, lactose intolerance, hypercholesterolaemia and food allergy. The effects of probiotics in some of these conditions have been directly observed, in others it has been only suggested on the basis of in vitro studies and from experimental animal models. Controlled trials are needed to determine the scientific basis for their use, the correct formulation and ways of administration in different clinical situations.

Probiotics and their beneficial effects against various diseases

Joint FAO/WHO expert's consultation report defines probiotics as: Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Most commonly used probiotics are Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria. There are other examples of species used as probiotics (certain yeasts and bacilli). Probiotic supplements are popular now a days. From the beginning of 2000, research on probiotics has increased remarkably. Probiotics are now day's widely studied for their beneficial effects in treatment of many prevailing diseases.

Probiotics-A Legacy of Good Health

Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 2015

Probiotics-means live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotics can be bacteria, moulds, yeast. But most Probiotics are bacteria mainly lactic acid bacteria. The Probiotics have a three step action mechanism i. Stimulates and modulates immune response ii. Normalize intestinal micro flora iii. And also have the metabolic effects like. Probiotics have been analyzed for treatment and prevention of various diseases and disorders of human body and the results obtained are very encouraging. Probiotics have turned out to be very promising in ensuring oral health and general well being.

Probiotics and their significance in therapeutic nutrition

IP innovative publication pvt ltd, 2020

Probiotics are living beings that happen normally in the digestive tract. Numerous corresponding and matured nourishments additionally contain probiotics. A few people wonder if probiotics can assist them with getting more fit. Taking probiotic enhancements can help keep the verdure of the digestive tract adjusted and advance a sound body by boosting the assimilation and invulnerable framework. Scientists imagine that a portion of these microscopic organisms may assume a job in weight reduction and recapture. In the digestive system, valuable microscopic organisms help to separate and process nourishment. Probiotics have appeared to influence the structure of the gut microbiota, improve gut respectability, and reestablish corpulence's microbial movements.