Gender Mainstreaming and the European Employment Strategy and Social Inclusion Process (original) (raw)

Gender Mainstreaming and the European Employment Strategy

synthesis report by the …, 2004

The poor employment performance among men in many of the new member states means that consideration of the gender gap in employment may paint a more favourable impression of the employment situation for women in these member states than if the absolute rates of employment were considered. Indeed the overall gender gap for the new member states is 11.4% compared to a EU15 gap of 16.5% (table 1.4). The highest gender gaps in the new member states are found in countries with high female employment rates, namely Cyprus and the Czech Republic (except for Malta and its astronomical gap of over 40% caused by the very low integration of women into its economy). With the exception of Malta, all other gender gaps range from around 5% to a high of less than 19%, compared to a range from 4% in Sweden and Finland to highs of 27 to 28% in Greece, Spain, Italy and Luxembourg. Between 2000 and 2003 the gender gaps in employment have closed slightly in both the EU15

European Jobs Monitor 2021: Gender gaps and the employment structure

Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021

One of the most striking developments in European labour markets over the last half-century has been the huge rise in women’s labour market participation. Both the lengthening of working lives and migration have further boosted the EU workforce despite unfavourable demographic trends. This report analyses how these large increases in labour supply have been distributed by sector, by occupation and across the wage distribution. The focus is in particular on workforce feminisation. Although there are many more women at work now than a generation ago, women and men continue to work largely in different types of jobs. Fewer than one in five workers are in jobs where the workforce includes at least 40% of each gender. The increase in women’s employment has been seen largely in jobs where women already predominate. These include many of the sectors with the highest employment growth rates in developed economies over the last two generations and where, owing to demographic shifts, demand is likely to continue expanding in the years to come – health and residential care, for example. Structurally declining sectors – such as agriculture and manufacturing – on the other hand tend to be dominated by men. Women are also outperforming men educationally. Despite these relatively favourable developments, gender gaps in employment and wages have been contracting only gradually in recent years. This report seeks to make connections between changes in employment structure, sociodemographic trends and the persisting differences in labour market outcomes for men and women.

Gender Disparities in the Labour Market Between European Union Countries

2017

Our paper emphasizes the changes, in the European countries, of the female workforce engagement on the labour market. Byanalysing the statistical data we make a comparison between the Romanian realities and those from the European Union.The study is focused on gender disparities in terms of employment and unemployment rate, pay gap, risk of social exclusion. As there is a supposed connection between the utilization of female labour force and economic development, we verified if this relationship is significant from a statistical point of view.

Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union

2002

The rising proportion of women in employment in recent decades has been one of the major changes affecting European labour markets. This report examines the gender pattern of differences and similarities. It also explains the reasons for the persistent gender segregation of the European labour markets and draws up policy recommendations for action aimed at providing decision makers with the relevant information they need.

A dynamic toward gender equality? Participation and employment in European Labour markets

Report on the State of European Union. The Euro at 20 and the Futures of Europe, 2018

In most European countries, female participation in the labour force increased dramatically over the last decades. Nevertheless, the gender gap in participation remain large. Beside these trends, the most recent business cycles affected differently female and male employment and the gendered impact of the great recession is now well documented in the literature. In this chapter, we describe the evolution of the European labour markets with a gender perspective. We analyse the trends in two major indicators, participation and employment rate, considering the type of gender regime that characterized each country. For each indicator we distinguish the structural evolutions from the cyclical dynamic explained by the crisis. The increase in the level of education of women is a major factor of their growing participation in the labour market. We discuss how the European Union attempted to monitor the increase in female involvement on the labour market and the decrease of the gender gap. By focusing on employment rate without considering time part employment, the European Employment strategy has limited the achievement in terms of gender equality, especially for countries with a high share of women working part-time. The H2020 framework contains no gender targets.

Gender and Labour Markets in the EU

1999

The organisation of European labour markets remain highly gendered. This is despite the fact that more women are involved in waged work and that women hold a growing proportion of all jobs in the economy. These gender differences in the labour market are linked to women’s greater responsibility for putting time into unwaged care work in the home and community. This broad gender picture coexists with important differences, both in the precise pattern of gender relations between countries, and in the divergent labour market position and employment experiences of groups of women within countries around characteristics such as their qualification levels. This paper provides an overview of the gendered character of labour markets, focusing on developments in women’s position relative to that of men. Differences between countries are highlighted, as are differences between women Section 1 discusses how gender differences in the labour market are affected by welfare state regimes and the organisation of the labour market. The organisation of care work and the gender division of labour is the focus of section 2. Section 3 looks at employment rates and the number of hours worked. Section 4 assesses the quality of women’s employment by looking at the kind of jobs they do and the rewards they get. Conclusions are discussed in section 5.

Gender Employment Gap in EU before and after the Crisis

Procedia Economics and Finance, 2015

The gender gap in European labour markets presents different patterns across countries and years. In the late decades, the participation of men decreased, while the participation of women increased. The recent global crisis had a different impact on the employment of men and women that is reflected by a narrower gender gap. The paper aims to analyse the variation of employment gap in EU and to identify the factors with significant influence. The data used in the paper concern the time span 2003-2012. The methods applied in the study of gender gap variation under the influence of influence factors are the analysis of variance and the fixed effects model. The results of the study prove that, after the crisis, the gender gap in employment in EU shows some convergence, though there is important variation among regions and by education levels.

Gender, Jobs and Working Conditions in Europe

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications for the European Communities. 92pp., 2002

The growing proportion of women in employment in recent decades has been one of the major changes affecting the European labour market. However, despite the increasing presence of women in the labour force, gender segregation remains a persistent feature. There is still a 'glass ceiling' reinforced by workplace cultures and informal procedures that makes it difficult for women to break through into the higher levels of management. The unequal division of unpaid household work also persists, as women continue to bear the main responsibility for running the home and looking after children, even when employed full-time. This report examines the gender pattern of differences and similarities in working conditions in Europe, drawing on the findings of the Foundation's Third European Survey on Working Conditions 2000. It explains the reasons for the persistence of gender segregation and sets out policy recommendations for action aimed at decision makers in this field. The report also considers whether the established indicators of working conditions need to be revised to make them more 'gender-sensitive' to particular issues primarily associated with women's jobs, women's experiences in the workplace, or workload issues within households.

The Employment of Women in the European Union

2007

The increasing employment of women in Europe is not only a result of economic restructuring, but also a consequence of changing family structures, changing expectations, changing wage determination mechanisms and increasing urbanisation. Many of the services which have been outsourced from the household sector to the market sector tend to remain almost exclusively a female employment domain. Thus, the areas of production that constitute the domain of female work in traditional societies remain the same in the developed industrial societies; only the degree of marketisation differs. The extent to which domestic work is outsourced depends upon the welfare model. Thus, it is a different set of taxes, transfer payments and public services in the various models which impacts on the relative efficiency and direct and indirect costs of goods and services which can be produced in the household or the market sector. Different institutional settings impact on the opportunity cost of domestic ...