A New Ligation Strategy for Peptide and Protein Glycosylation: Photoinduced Thiol-Ene Coupling (original) (raw)
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Toward fully synthetic, homogeneous glycoproteins: Advances in chemical ligation
Biopolymers, 2010
Traditionally, in the pharma sciences, there has been an unstated but operative bifurcation into small molecules and biologics. Small molecules were seen to be, at the discovery level, in the province of chemistry, based on targets provided through biology. By contrast, "biologics" were seen to arise solely from the province of biology exploiting its accessible replicative mechanisms. Our laboratory has been dedicated to the proposition that explosive advances in chemical synthesis have been such as to render so called "biologics" as being accessible to chemical synthesis. In this paper, we focus particularly on the area of glycopeptides. Chemical synthesis, in principle, offers an advantage, in that it can lead to homogeneous glycopeptides characterized by a single glycoform of the glycosidic domain mounted at a particular amino acid in the polypeptide domain. In support of this defining goal, a variety of new methods have been developed. The key problem addressed is that of ligation. In this paper, we review how insights available from mechanistic organic chemistry have been used to create an imposing framework for the synthesis of structures which would, in an earlier day, have been seen to be strictly in the realm of chemically inaccessible "biologics". We dedicate this paper to the remarkable accomplishments of Professor Steven Kent-particularly, his discovery of NCL, which changed the course of peptide ligations.
Glycopeptide/Glycoprotein Synthesis
Protein glycosylation has dramatically enriched both the functional and structural diversity of proteins in mammals. Due to the non-template biosynthesis of glycoproteins in the nature, glyco-proteins always exist as heterogeneous mixtures with different glycan structures, which have complicated the isolation of pure and well-defined glycoforms for detailed mechanistic and functional studies. Over the past years, different strategies including chemical and chemoenzymatic methods have been developed for obtaining the homogenous glycoproteins, which will offer new opportunities to conduct an extensive assessment of relationship between the structure and function of glycoproteins and to reveal the biological role of the individual oligosaccharide on a glycoprotein for the evolution and development of cells. This chapter gives insight into the recent progress in the development of chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogenous glycoproteins including native chemical ligation, serine/threonine ligation, and chemoenzymatic glycoprotein remodeling. Examples are selected to demonstrate successful applications of synthetic strategies developed so far.
Sugar-Assisted Glycopeptide Ligation with Complex Oligosaccharides: Scope and Limitations
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008
We have previously shown sugar-assisted ligation (SAL) to be a useful method for the convergent construction of glycopeptides. However to date SAL has only been carried out on systems where the thiol auxiliary is attached to a monosaccharide. For SAL to be truly applicable to the construction of fully elaborated glycopeptides and glycoproteins it must be possible to carry out the reaction when the thiol auxiliary is attached to more elaborate sugars, as these are frequently what are observed in nature. Here we examine the effects of glycosylation at C-3, C-4 and C-6 of the C-2 auxiliarycontaining glycan. Model glycopeptides where synthesized chemoenzymatically and reacted with peptide thioesters used in our previous work. These studies reveal that SAL is sensitive to extended glycosylation on the auxiliary-containing sugar. While it is possible to carry out SAL with extended glycosylation at C-4 and C-6, the presence of glycosylation at C-3 prevents the ligation from occurring. Additionally, with glycosylation at C-4 the ligation efficiency is affected by the identity of the N-terminal AA, while the nature of the C-terminal residue of the peptide thioester does not appear affect ligation efficiency. These studies provide useful guidelines in deciding when it is appropriate to use SAL in the synthesis of complex glycopeptides and glycoproteins, and how to design ligation junctions for optimal yield.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1997
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self-or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
Synthetic glycosylation of peptides using unprotected saccharide ?-glycosylamines
Glycoconjugate Journal, 1993
Glycopeptides can be valuable tools in determining the influence of carbohydrate moieties on the intrinsic properties of glycoproteins. However, glycopeptides of sufficient quantity and purity are as yet not readily available from biological sources. The chemical coupling of a/~-glycosylamino group of an unprotected carbohydrate with an activated aspartic acid residue of an unprotected peptide is a simple method for synthesizing asparagine-linked glycopeptides. In this report we demonstrate that the use of this method is not restricted to/~-glycosylamines of simple monosaccharides or short aspartic acid-containing pentapeptides. This is illustrated by the syntheses of several glycopentapeptides containing N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, a glutamine-linked glycopentapeptide containing a biantennary complex oligosaccharide, and glycosylated variants of two analogs of a polypeptide hormone, atriopeptin, containing N,N'-diacetylchitobiose.