Toxoplasmosis complications and novel therapeutic synergism combination of diclazuril plus atovaquone (original) (raw)
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Toxoplasmosis, Pancreatitis, Obesity and Drug Discovery
Pancreatic Disorders & Therapy, 2014
Toxoplasmosis, an infectious and inflammatory syndrome, is one of the most important foodborne diseases causing hospitalization and death in U.S.A. Toxoplasma infects nucleated cells including pancreatic and destroys the β cells. Toxoplasma is a Category B classified infection by CDC and NIH, which once infected the organisms reside in tissues in cysts form for the host's lifelong awaiting reactivation. Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs by transplacental transmission during maternal infection or reactivation of organisms and manifests with spontaneous abortion, or severe physical and mental defects. Currently, there is no safe and effective therapeutic modality against congenital toxoplasmosis or the persistent chronic infection. Here, toxoplasmosis and possible involvement of infection in induction of pancreatitis, and an experimental drug efficacy is discussed.
Toxoplasmosis causes severe public health problems and has great veterinary and economic importance worldwide. The present study aims mainly to develop an improved preventive and treatment program for controlling toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats. This study was performed on sheep and goats farm containing 357 animals (300 sheep and 57 goats). This farm had a large numbers of barren ewes, history of abortions (below 4 months), stillbirths, malformations and neonatal losses. Blood samples were collected to determine humeral antibody responses and prevalence of toxoplasmosis. Sections of normal and abnormal tissues were fixed using 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination. Different and new drug regimens and strategies were used for controlling toxoplasmosis. Sixty-four out of 357 sheep and goats were clinically affected with 17.9% overall morbidity rate. These animals showed certain clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis, such as abortions and stillbirth. The seroprevalence rate was 15.4%. The titers of ELISA were high before treatment in positive cases while after treatment the titers were decreased for certain level that continued to the end of study. The field treatment revealed that the affected sheep and goats treated with camel lactoferrin (cLf) and chemotherapy combination regimen significantly reduced the overall severity of toxoplasmosis with reduction in IgG titers better than those treated with chemotherapy alone (Pyrimethamine and sulfamethazine) or cLf alone. In conclusion, cLf and chemotherapy combination regimen was success in control of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants.
Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Management
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2018
Toxoplasma gondiiis an opportunistic parasitic protozoan infection. Toxoplasmosis is the most common food-borne infection throughout the world. In pregnancy, fetal complications range from abortion, physically-disabled children to fetal demise. This review examined risk factors diagnosis and treatment of Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy pregnant.Pregnant women contract the infection through contaminated food, unpasteurized milk and proximity with infected animals most commonly cats. Recent evident have demonstrated the benefit of screening and treatment for toxoplasmosis duringperiod of pregnancyby decreasing vertical transmission of the Toxoplasma gondiiparasite to the growing fetus. There are several ways for pregnant women to protect themselves from contracting the disease during pregnancy. In this review, we discussed diagnosis, prevention, and management of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy.
BMJ, 2000
Objective To determine the odds ratio and population attributable fraction associated with food and environmental risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Design Case-control study. Setting Six large European cities. Participants Pregnant women with acute infection (cases) detected by seroconversion or positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM were compared with pregnant women seronegative for toxoplasma (controls). Main outcome measures Odds ratios for acute infection adjusted for confounding variables; the population attributable fraction for risk factors. Results Risk factors most strongly predictive of acute infection in pregnant women were eating undercooked lamb, beef, or game, contact with soil, and travel outside Europe and the United States and Canada. Contact with cats was not a risk factor. Between 30% and 63% of infections in different centres were attributed to consumption of undercooked or cured meat products and 6% to 17% to soil contact. Conclusions Inadequately cooked or cured meat is the main risk factor for infection with toxoplasma in all centres. Preventive strategies should aim to reduce prevalence of infection in meat, improve labelling of meat according to farming and processing methods, and improve the quality and consistency of health information given to pregnant women.
Maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis, currently available and novel therapies in horizon
Frontiers in microbiology, 2014
Over one billion people worldwide are predicted to harbor Toxoplasma infection frequently with unknown lifelong health consequences. Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of foodborne, inflammatory illnesses, as well as congenital abnormalities. Ubiquitous Toxoplasma has a unique tropism for central nervous system with a mind-bugging effect and is transmitted sexually through semen. Currently available therapies are ineffective for persistent chronic disease and congenital toxoplasmosis or have severe side effects which may result in life-threatening complications. There is an urgent need for safe and effective therapies to eliminate or treat this cosmopolitan infectious and inflammatory disease. This investigation discusses pathogenesis of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis, the currently available therapies in practice, and the experimental therapeutic modalities for promising future trials.
Congenital toxoplasmosis: Priorities for further health promotion action
Public Health, 2008
Toxoplasmosis is a disease of considerable public health impact. As the transmission, occurrence and phenotype of this disease are influenced in a complex way by host genetics, immunity, behaviour and by the agent characteristics, prevention will not be simple. This article aimed to review studies defining seroprevalence of and characteristic sociodemographic, biological and lifestyle risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women, to evaluate screening and educational programmes, and to assemble recommendations for combating toxoplasmosis in populations at risk. Electronic databases were searched, using a specific search strategy, from 1975 to 2007. There is a high prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in pregnant women worldwide, with some geographic discrepancies attributed to climatic conditions, local food customs, hygiene, lifestyle and cultural differences. The main risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women are unsanitary feeding habits, poor immune system, contact with cats, contact with soil, pregnancy, number of births, older age, race, travelling outside the country, drinking beverages prepared with unboiled water, consumption of municipal or uncontrolled (well/spring) water and T. gondii strain virulence. Knowledge of these risk factors helps to identify priorities for further epidemiological work and defines effective preventive measures along five main themes of action: information and health education; screening of pregnant women and infants; limiting harm from risk behaviour; treatment of cases found to be at risk; and vaccination.
Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology with the emphasis of its public health importance
2014
Toxoplasmosis is a protozoal disease, which is capable of infecting any warm-blooded animals, including humans. Wild and domestic cats are the only known definitive hosts of Toxoplasma; they can develop both systemic and patent intestinal infection. All other animals and humans serve as intermediate hosts in which the parasite may cause systemic infection, which typically results in the formation of tissue cysts. In all species, Toxoplasma infection is usually subclinical, although it may occasionally cause mild, non specific signs. Infection may have much more serious consequences in immunocompromised or pregnant animals and people and AIDS patients. The major modes of transmission include consumption of undercooked meat containing Toxoplasma cysts, fecal-oral transfer of Toxoplasma oocysts from cat feces (either directly or in contaminated food, water or soil), and vertical transmission from mother to fetus if primary infection occurs during pregnancy. The major public health sign...
Human Toxoplasmosis Outbreaks and the Agent Infecting Form. Findings from a Systematic Review
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 2015
SUMMARY Toxoplasmosis, a worldwide highly prevalent zoonotic infection, is transmitted either by the oocysts, from water and soil, or the tissue cysts, in raw or undercooked infected meat, of Toxoplasma gondii. An ongoing debate is whether there are differences between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the outbreaks due to one or the other infective form of the agent. We performed a systematic review, recovering 437 reported outbreaks of which 38 were selected. They were complete reports containing ascribed Toxoplasma infecting form, and clinical and demographic data. There was no gender or age group selection in the outbreaks, which were described more often in the Americas. A large number of individuals were affected when oocysts, associated with soil and water contaminated with cat feces, were considered the transmission source. Onset of symptoms occurred early when the infection was ascribed to meat tissue cysts (11.4 ± 6.7 days) with sharpened temporal distrib...
BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2000
To determine the odds ratio and population attributable fraction associated with food and environmental risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Case-control study. Six large European cities. Pregnant women with acute infection (cases) detected by seroconversion or positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM were compared with pregnant women seronegative for toxoplasma (controls). Odds ratios for acute infection adjusted for confounding variables; the population attributable fraction for risk factors. Risk factors most strongly predictive of acute infection in pregnant women were eating undercooked lamb, beef, or game, contact with soil, and travel outside Europe and the United States and Canada. Contact with cats was not a risk factor. Between 30% and 63% of infections in different centres were attributed to consumption of undercooked or cured meat products and 6% to 17% to soil contact. Inadequately cooked or cured meat is the main risk factor for infection with toxoplasma i...