The Cross-National Invariance Properties of a New Scale to Measure 19 Basic Human Values: A Test Across Eight Countries (original) (raw)
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The Cross-National Invariance Properties of a New Scale to Measure 19 Basic Human Values
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2014
Several studies that measured basic human values across countries with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) reported violations of measurement invariance. Such violations may hinder meaningful cross-cultural research on human values because value scores may not be comparable. Schwartz et al. proposed a refined value theory and a new instrument (PVQ-5X) to measure 19 more narrowly defined values. We tested the measurement invariance of this instrument across eight countries. Configural and metric invariance were established for all values across almost all countries. Scalar invariance was supported across nearly all countries for 10 values. The analyses revealed that the cross-country invariance properties of the values measured with the PVQ-5X are substantially better than those measured with the PVQ-21.
Assessment
Researchers around the world are applying the recently revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR) to measure the 19 values in Schwartz’s refined values theory. We assessed the internal reliability, circular structure, measurement model, and measurement invariance of values measured by this questionnaire across 49 cultural groups ( N = 53,472) and 32 language versions. The PVQ-RR reliably measured 15 of the 19 values in the vast majority of groups and two others in most groups. The fit of the theory-based measurement models supported the differentiation of almost all values in every cultural group. Almost all values were measured invariantly across groups at the configural and metric level. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the PVQ-RR perfectly reproduced the theorized order of the 19 values around the circle across groups. The current study established the PVQ-RR as a sound instrument to measure and to compare the hierarchies and correlates of values across cultures.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2013
Schwartz's theory of human values, as operationalized using different instruments such as the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), was confirmed by multiple studies using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). Because of its success, a short version of the PVQ was introduced in the European Social Survey (ESS). However, initial tests using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) pointed to low discriminant validity of the 10 basic values: The correlations between values next to each other in the two-dimensional space described by SSA were close to or greater than 1. In response, one research stream suggested combining the factors with low discriminant validity. Another stream suggested that the problem was not low discriminant validity but rather misspecifications in the model. Analyses of the short Portrait Values Questionnaire of the ESS confirmed the latter view. This paper demonstrates that the problems of the short version of the PVQ exist in the full 40-item PVQ as well. Based on SEM analyses of the items of the full PVQ, we propose that it can provide measures of 15 more narrowly defined values with good discriminant validity. Our proposal respects the conceptual complexity of the values theory while avoiding contamination of composite scores. It can be expected that the improved measurement of 15 values will increase their predictive power. The presence of some single items suggests the extension of the value theory and scales to encompass more than 15 values. Implications for further development of the scale are drawn.
Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of Human Values Scale
2020
The impact our decisions cast on ourselves and others are often a resounding reflection of the core values infused in our belief system. They are the guiding principles for desirable codes of conduct and actions that modulate one's self-concept. Thus precise identification of values can unearth one's priorities and basis of functioning. However, the lack of sound and comprehensive instruments for evincing the core values of individuals in eastern countries serves as the prime motive for the present study, i.e., development of the Human values scale. More explicitly, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was run to explore the factor structure of the scale. The factor validity of 25 item scale was determined on a sample of 300 adults. Principal component analysis with Varimax rotation method yielded a seven-factor structure (Benevolence, Egalitarian, Self-direction, Social Obligation, Aspirations, Political, and Spiritual/ Religious) collectively accounting 59.48 percent of the variance. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the seven-factor solution proposed in EFA has good fit indices. The obtained results thus supported an acceptable level of reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Human values scale.
Structure of human values: Testing the adequacy of the Rokeach Value Survey
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985
Rokeach's (1973) Value Survey has received widespread use in the past decade, but little attempt has been made to examine the extent to which the 36 items provide comprehensive and representative coverage of the value domain. Our data provide qualified support for the comprehensiveness of the instrument. The major weaknesses in sampling involve the facets of physical well-being and individual rights. Other areas not represented are thriftiness and carefreeness. The need for multi-item indexes for value constructs are discussed, as are the advantages of a rating procedure over a ranking procedure from both psychometric and empirically valid perspectives. An alternative instrument based on the work of Rokeach is proposed.
Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?
Journal of Social Issues, 1994
This article presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross-cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimen-
A Twenty-First Century Assessment of Values Across the Global
Journal of Business Ethics, 2011
This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual-and societallevel analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and
Bringing values back in the adequacy of the European Social Survey to measure values in 20 countries
2008
Values are prominent in public discourse today. Theorists have long considered values central to understanding attitudes and behavior. The Schwartz (1992) theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values. The semi-annual European Social Survey (ESS) includes a new 21-item instrument to measure the importance of the ten basic values of the theory. Representative national samples in 20 countries responded to the instrument in 2002-3.
International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 2010
This study tests the compatibility and comparability of the human values measurements from the third round of the European Social Survey (ESS) to measure the 10 values from Schwartz' (1992) value theory in 25 countries. Furthermore, it explains the dangers associated with ignoring non-invariance before comparing the values across nations or over time, and specifically describes how invariance may be tested. After initially determining how many values can be identified for each country separately, the comparability of value measurements across countries is assessed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). This is necessary to allow later comparisons of values' correlates and means across countries. Finally, invariance of values over time (2002-2007) is tested. Such invariance allows estimating aggregate value change and comparing it across countries meaningfully. In line with past results, only four to seven values can be identified in each country. Analyses reveal that the ESS value measurements are not suitable for measuring the 10 values; therefore, some adjacent values are unified. Furthermore, a subset of eight countries displays metric invariance for seven values, and metric invariance for 6 values is found for 21 countries. This finding indicates that values in these countries have similar meanings, and their correlates may be compared but not their means. Finally, temporal scalar invariance is evidenced within countries and over time thus allowing longitudinal value change to be studied in all the participating countries.