Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Affects Functional Rotator Strength Ratio in Adolescent Overhead Athletes. (original) (raw)
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Journal of Athletic Training, 2009
Context: Repetitive throwing at high velocities leads to altered range of motion (ROM) in the dominant shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder in overhead-throwing athletes. Loss of glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), or glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD), is associated with shoulder injuries. Therefore, GIRD should be evaluated during the clinical examination of the thrower's shoulder.
Sports health
Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes. To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow. An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Systematic review and meta-an...
Comparison of Glenohumeral Joint Rotation Range of Motion in Young Athletes
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 2019
Introduction: Overhead-throwing athletes undergo changes in shoulder range of motion (ROM) due to sports activities, such as excessive amplitude, lateral rotation (LR) increase and medial rotation (MR) restriction. Asymmetry greater than 20° may render athletes more prone to injuries. There are similarities among sports featuring overhead throwing due to the considerable amount of movements involving maximum lateral rotation. In these sports, medial rotation (MR) restriction, excess of lateral rotation (LR) and shoulder pain are common, particularly in overhead-throwing athletes. Objective: To assess shoulder MR and LR ROM in athletes participating in different sports, considering the influence of these variables on injuries and functional performance. Methods: The rotation ROM of the glenohumeral joint was assessed in 477 young athletes, who were categorized in three sports groups: swimming, overhead-throwing and non-overhead throwing, distributed by age group. Analyses of Variance...
https://ijshr.com/IJSHR\_Vol.5\_Issue.3\_July2020/IJSHR\_Abstract.0021.html, 2020
Introduction: Increased range of motion at glenohumeral joint makes it susceptible to injury and instability. It was found that subjects with total glenohumeral rotation>1650 had less isometric external rotation and internal rotation muscle strength than those with glenohumeral rotation was<1650. Beyond normal 1800 of shoulder range of motion indicates joint instability hence aim was to find out the muscle strength difference of internal rotation and external rotation with total arc of glenohumeral rotation. Material and Methods: 50 young healthy subjects (43 females,7 males) of 18to25 years were included. Initially dominant shoulder internal and external rotation passive range of motion was recorded with help of universal goniometer as well by motion analyzer in supine position. Shoulder rotator muscle strength was measured using hand held dynamometer in supine position in neutral and at end range of rotation motions. Data analysis and Results: Karl Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate correlation between strength and shoulder range of rotation for right side. Out of 50,37 females and 6 males showed >1800 whereas 6 females and 1 male showed<1800 of total shoulder internal and external range of motion. It was observed that subjects with<1800 shoulder rotation showed moderate correlation with muscle strength where as those with>1800 shoulder rotation range showed no or weak correlation with rotator muscle strength. Conclusion: As the total arc of glenohumeral rotation increases beyond normal limits of 0-1800 there is a decreased strength of internal rotator and external rotator muscles as compared to total arc of glenohumeral rotation less than 1800.
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health
Racquet sports have gained increasing popularity in Asia. In the current study performed on 25 district level male badminton players aging between 18-25 years assessment of GIRD/GERG ratio, strength of internal, external rotators and of upper extremity stability was done on the dominant and non-dominant side. On statistical analysis using paired t-test.The internal and external rotators were stronger on dominant side when compared to the non-dominant side. The internal rotators were stronger than the external rotators on both dominant and non-dominant side. The external rotation range of motion was more than the internal range of motion on the dominant and non-dominant side. GIRD/GERG ratio was significant in badminton players (p>0.0001). Correlational statistics using Spearman's test showed that the strength of the dominant side external rotators correlated with the CKCUEST.The strength of the non-dominant side external rotators, both side internal rotators and GIRD/GERG ratio did not have any significant correlation with the CKCUEST.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2018
Introduction: Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) indicates a 15° or greater loss of internal rotation of the throwing shoulder compared with the non-dominant shoulder. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of GIRD in collegiate overhead sports player and determine whether GIRD is associated with scapular dyskinesia and rotator cuff strength ratio. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Crosssectional study. A total of 127 collegiate athletes were assessed for passive range of motion, external to internal rotation strength ratio (ER/IR ratio) and scapular dyskinesia for the throwing and non-throwing shoulder. Internal and external rotation of shoulder was measured using an inclinometer with the subject in prone and arm abducted to 90°. Scapular dyskinesia was measured using Lateral Scapula Slide test (LSST) and external to internal rotator strength was measured using a held hand isometric dynamometer. Chi-square test was used to find the association between GIRD and scapular dyskinesia and rotator cuff strength ratio. Results: Prevalence of GIRD (n=37) was found to be 29.1%. GIRD was not found to be associated with Scapular dyskinesia (p=0.237) and ER/IR strength ratio (p=0.411). Conclusion: Prevalence of GIRD in collegiate athletes playing overhead sports was found to be 29.1% and there was no association of GIRD with scapular dyskinesia, rotator cuff strength ratio.
Isokinetic strength testing of shoulder rotators in collegiate throw ball players
International journal of physical education, sports and health, 2022
Background and Objectives: Throwball involves repetitive shoulder rotations leading to the overuse of shoulder rotators causing several internal risk factors for shoulder problems. Reduction in the range and strength of shoulder rotators is major risk or cause for shoulder injuries. Hence, the primary objective of the study is to determining isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators in collegiate throwball payers. The secondary objectives are to determine the rotator strength on shoulder rotators in non-players and compare the strength between the two groups. Methods: Sample size was estimated to be 60 females between 18-25years, 30players (20.05+1.39) and 30 nonplayers (19.96+1.33); height (157.36+5.92 players; 158.18+5.38 non-players); weight (59.66+14.60 players; 63.24+12.63 non-players) participated in this cross-sectional study. Concentric and concentric peak torque of internal and external rotator ROM and strength was assessed. Three speeds of 180 0 /s, 120 0 /s and 60 0 /s was used. Results: The dominant side presented higher mean values for peak torque for IR in players at all three speeds; the non-dominant side presented higher mean peak for in ER in both the groups at all three speeds. In the non-players group, the dominant limb presented higher mean peak torque values in IR at 180 0 /s and 60 0 /s whereas the non-dominant limb presented higher peak for IR at 120 0 /s. However, only the mean peak torque of IR at 60 0 /s had significant difference (15.65+3.23 for players; 13.2+3.54 for non-players) with p=0.02 and t-value=2.32. Interpretation and Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the players and nonplayers which implies that the players need to be trained for rotator strengthening especially external rotators as muscle strength imbalance between the agonist and antagonist is one of the major risk factors for shoulder injuries. The values obtained for the strength of the players can be used as reference for further studies for population-specific isokinetic data profile for both rehabilitation and prevention.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2015
There is little research on how the amount of shoulder joint range of motion, specifically glenohumeral rotation, may be related to the muscle strength of the rotator cuff muscles. A long held belief is that a joint with excessive range of motion needs sufficient muscular strength for stability. However, no studies have examined this concept. The purpose of this study was to see if total arc of glenohumeral joint rotation (External rotation [ER]+Internal rotation [IR]) could predict peak isometric muscle strength of the IR or ER muscles of the shoulder. Cross-sectional study design. Fifty-three participants (41 females, 12 males) participated in the study. Passive glenohumeral joint internal rotation and external rotation motion was measured for each participant with a standard goniometer. Isometric muscle force of the ER and IR muscles were tested using a handheld dynamometer in three positions: end range ER, neutral 0°, and end range IR. Data were analyzed using a non-parametric t...
International Archives of Medicine, 2016
Background: Volleyball is a sport characterized by short, intensive and explosive actions. In the performance of these repetitive movements, the shoulder joint receives the largest load. Therefore, a detailed assessment of biomechanics and muscle performance is fundamental in the evaluation, treatment and in prevention of shoulder injuries in volleyball athletes. Methods and Findings: Information from a database concerning the isokinetic evaluation of the shoulder's external and internal rotator muscles at the 60°/s and 180°/s angular velocities from 20 adolescent male volleyball athletes under 17 years of age was assessed. At a velocity of 60°/s the average values for internal rotators on the nondominant limb were significantly smaller than those of the dominant limb, and at a velocity of 180°/s both the internal and external rotators average values for the non-dominant limb were significantly smaller than those for the dominant limb. For the external-internal rotator ratio analyses, there was no significant difference between the limbs. Conclusions: In conclusion, the unilateral demands during typical movements in volleyball resulted in higher peak torque values for the dominant limb in comparison to that of the non-dominant limb. For the external-internal rotators ratio, no relevant differences were found between limbs, and the average values were within the parameters of normality.
Strength Values of Shoulder Internal and External Rotators in Elite Volleyball Players
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
Objective:To determine concentric shoulder external-internal rotator strength, dominant and non-dominant shoulder differences and agonist/antagonist ratios.Design:A transversal study of isokinetic dynamometry of healthy shoulders, 95% confidence intervals are presented.Participants:35 asymptomatic elite, male volleyball players.Measurements:Peak torque normalized for body weight was recorded at 60, 180, and 300°/sec. with a Cybex 6000 dynamometer.Results:(1) internal rotators were significantly stronger than external rotators of the same shoulder; (2) internal rotators of the dominant arm were significantly stronger than of the non-dominant arm; (3) no difference existed between external rotators of the dominant and the non-dominant arm; (4) external–internal rotator ratios of the dominant arm were significantly lower than of the non-dominant arm; and (5) no differences were found between the ratios of each arm separately.Conclusions:Data presented are important for interpreting iso...