Internationalizing Higher Education Worldwide: National Policies and Programs (original) (raw)
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Higher education has long been recognised as a key driver of economic and social development worldwide. Motivated by a variety of academic, economic, political and social goals, governments around the world are implementing policies and programmes designed to spur higher education internationalisation. This article begins with a discussion of the motivations and goals underpinning government higher education internationalisation policies, and provides an overview of the relevant policymaking bodies worldwide. It then sets forth a typology of policies and programmes that categorises initiatives according to their primary focus areas and activities, and explore issues related to their effectiveness. Finally, it addresses the implications of national policies for campus practitioners, and how national-level policies and programmes can impact and be influenced by institutional internationalisation efforts.
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Internationalization has evolved in higher education over the past 30 to 40 years from a marginal aspect to a key aspect of the reform agenda. It also has evolved in different directions and, in that process, some previous values have got lost, and past priorities have been replaced by others. Economic rationales have become more dominant, but as the society is facing extreme challenges, summarized in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, internationalization needs to respond to these challenges and goals.
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Internationalization as a concept and strategic agenda is a relatively new but broad and varied phenomenon, driven by a dynamic combination of political, economic, socio-cultural and academic rationales and stakeholders. This article addresses the following points: What are the historical dimensions of internationalization? What are the key factors in international higher education that are impacted by and impact this phenomenon? How do we understand its evolution as a concept? What national policies are developed to enhance the international competitiveness of higher education? What are the implications for institutional strategies for internationalization? It concludes with some lessons and recommendations for Russian higher education to learn from these trends and issues concerning internationalization in higher education.
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