Q'anjob'al glossary (original) (raw)
Directional Markers in Q’anjob’al: Their Syntax and Meaning
Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
Introduction Directionals (DIR) are grammaticized intransitive motion verbs that form serial verbs with a structure [[V1+V2]+argument]] (V1=main verb, V2=DIRs). I refer to it as 'directional construction' (DIRC). Some examples are shown in (1). (1) a. Max-ø b'ey-aj naq unin 2 COM-A3S walk-DIR CL child. 'The child started walking'. b. Max-ø s-k'ux-kan-aj-teq no chej an ak'un. COM-A3S E3S-eat-DIR-DIR-DIR CL horse CL grass 'The horse ate [upwards] the grass here [in relation to something else]'. c. Max-ø b'ey-aj-teq naq unin. COM-A3S walk-DIR-DIR CL child 'The child walked from down there to here'. Some preliminary observations on DIRCs follow. Directionals trace the trajectory or movement of an entity as in aj 'up' and teq 'toward X' in (1b-c). They also have aspectual meanings like the inceptive meaning of aj (1a). The DIR kan 'stay' in (1b) has an adverbial meaning. Furthermore, a clause may have up to three directionals (1b). Finally, teq in (1c) overrides the inceptive meaning of aj in (1a) but it does not affect the meaning of kan in (1b).
On the Functions of the Verbal Particle la-qad in Modern Standard Arabic
2011
The particle qad, when used with past verbs, 1 may be part of three compound signs. These are fa-qad, wa-qad, both comprising conjunctions, and la-qad, comprising the particle la-(sometimes also preceded by a conjunction to give fala-qad or wa-la-qad). The functions of these compound units have been studied by several scholars, e.g. Ghazali (2007) on bare qad and wa-qad, Sarig (1995) on wa-qad, fa-qad and la-qad (also wa-la-qad and fa-la-qad), and Bahloul (2008: 72-103) on qad, fa-qad, wa-qad, and la-qad. However, the analyses of la-qad and its function(s) have not been fully accurate since examples disproving their fi ndings can be encountered (Bahloul) or the fi ndings require to be supplemented (Sarig). This will be illustrated by means of sentences excerpted from a corpus of prose texts, mostly literary, with two exceptions, 2 and a supplementary solution will be proposed.
"Glossary" in English grammar in focus. Words and morphemes (ISBN: 978-84-338-5820-7)
Acronym. An abbreviation formed from the first components in a word or a phrase; usually, these are individual letters, or parts of words, which are read as if they were an ordinary word, as in NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, /ˈneɪtəʊ/). Contrast with initialism. Additive morph. Any suffix attached to a base or stem to produce a new word (e.g. plenty N > plenty·ful Adj ) or a new word form (e.g. walk Inf > walk·ing Pr.Part ).
TERMINOLOGY IN ARABIC LINGUISTICS
Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2023
This article provides the necessary information about the history of the formation and development of terminology in the Arabic language, about the division of the lexical structure of the Arabic literary language into stages, about the translation of words that came from foreign languages into the native language in Arabic terminology, and the use of methods and tools unique to Arabic literary language.
A morphemically glossed Kwak'wala text from the Boas-Hunt corpus
Papers for the International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages 50, 2015
This paper provides a morphemically glossed excerpt from a Kwak'wala text. It is intended as an instructional tool for linguists and others who are interested in accessing and analyzing the narratives in the Boas-Hunt corpus.
Al Qira’āt A Historical and Linguistic Overview
2025
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of al-Qirā’āt (Qur’ānic recitation styles). It examines the historical development of this discipline, the intricate relationship between the seven aḥruf and the ten canonical Qirā’āt, and the specific types of linguistic variations encompassed within this framework. The Qur’ān, while a single book, possesses a depth and richness that extends beyond its written form.
The syntax of the particle qad in standard Arabic and Asiri Arabic
Saudi Journal of Language Studies, 2021
Purpose-This article studies the particle qad in standard Arabic (SA) and Asiri Arabic (AA). In SA, qad is pronounced as [qaed], whereas in AA it is pronounced as [q?d] and written as qid. Qad in SA is different from qid in AA regarding its functional use and syntactic distribution. Accordingly, the study discusses the semantics and selection properties of qad/qid. Design/methodology/approach-Contrasting analyses are presented to verify which syntactic analysis better suits extended projection principle (EPP) extension, and tree structures are provided to elucidate ongoing problematic configurations and to provide solutions. Findings-The SA particle qad has three functions: (1) a probability modal, as in may or might; (2) a perfective auxiliary, as in have, has and had; and (3) indicating emphatic purpose, as in do, does and did. Contrariwise, qid in AA has two meanings: (1) have, has and had (perfective auxiliary); and (2) the past tense of the English copula was/became (a linking verb). Given this background, there has been a debate in the syntax literature about whether qid/qad is an adverb. The current article provides evidence indicating that qid and qad are not adverbs. Research limitations/implications-The study is limited to the analysis of qid in Asiri dialect. Further research needs to be done on the different branches of the Asiri dialects according to the tribe. Sometimes, tribes have different sound for some words. There is not any literature review found on the Asiri dialects in the designated area of study; the particle qid. Practical implications-The study can be counted towards the Asiri linguistic heritage in documenting the syntactic and semantic properties of qid particle. The study contributes to the linguistic field of the Arabic language and its varieties. Social implications-The study offers a general review of the linguistic background of Asir region. The study introduces the reader to qad particle in SA and holds a comparison between the two researched versions of qad in SA and qid in AA. Originality/value-The paradoxical analysis between qad and qid on all levels is presented (semantics, functional use, selection properties and level of configuration (EPP)). Also, it introduces the particle qid in AA as it was never investigated before.
The Impact of Irregular Qiraat on Arabic Semantics and Dialects
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021
Arabic semanticists and dialects scholars have paid considerable attention to Qiraat (the plural noun of Qiraah i.e. reading or recitation of the Holy Qur'an) and they often cite examples of irregular Quranic Qiraat in their rules and reasoning. However, many Qur'anic scholars may not be adequately aware of the significant impact of Quranic Qiraat on semantics as well as their role in preserving dialects of the Arab tribes. This paper aims to show the impact of irregular Qiraat on Arabic lexical semantics and Arabic dialects by tracking some examples of irregular Qiraat and examining how they preserved the Arabic dialects. The research adopted the analytical method in tracking the lexical features in irregular Qiraat and identifying the semantic differences between such lexical items in different Qiraat on the one hand and cite some examples from Qiraat that enriches meaning on the other. The findings indicate that irregular Qiraat are fundamental for standardizing linguistic rules. It is also found that irregular Qiraat has corroborated with several Arabic dialects and that is why Qiraat were in line with the Arab dialects during the era of Prophet Mohammed.
When was the last time you used the 'Q' word?
All subject fields have their own distinct discourse, and each generation modifies and refines this discourse, introducing along the way new concepts and terminology. When new terms are at their most lexically invasive, they can spread at remarkable speed through the community. What seems to help these ‘buzzwords’ proliferate so uncontrollably is their utility value; they seem to crop up in almost any context, perform numerous functions, and, finally can acquire such a status that using them is not merely a fashion, but literally unavoidable. An outstanding example of a word that has infiltrated our own field of education in this way is the word ‘quality’. This hands-on workshop will start with a brief overview of quality principles and processes. Participants will then be invited to participate in a group activity in which they will consider the delivery of quality policies from the point of view of both the provider, and the recipient. The second and final group activity will be to design and present a ‘Quality Policy Poster’ for English Language Provision in your own institutions.
SignGram Blueprint
Chapter 1 The native lexicon 76 92 Elicitation materials 93 References 93 Chapter 2 The non-native lexicon 94 2.0 Definitions and challenges 94 2.0.1 What is the non-native lexicon? 94 2.0.2 How to decide whether a particular form is borrowed 94 2.0.3 Morpho-phonological marking of borrowed forms 95 2.0.4 When should a borrowed form be considered part of the lexicon? 95 2.0.5 Methodological challenges 96 2.1 Borrowings from other sign languages 96 2.2 Borrowings from (neighboring) spoken language 97 2.2.1 Calques/loan translations 97 2.
Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 13:2 , 2021
The primary aim of this paper is to explore the functions of the word /fard/ in Iraqi and Khuzestani Arabic. The study is based on the analysis of various text corpora and the elicitation of further examples from native speakers of the varieties investigated. The analysis of these data has shown that /fard/ is a polyfunctional item. Its various functions are the result of several grammaticalization processes. In the first stage, the noun "individual" has become a quantifier that expresses singularity. From this stage it developed into an intensifier, a marker of approximation and the scalar adverb "only." It has been demonstrated that, from its use as a presentative marker, it developed toward an indefinite article. In contrast to the definite article, which is a grammatical category in nearly every variety of Arabic, the use of an indefinite article is rarely found in spoken Arabic. In Iraqi and Khuzestani Arabic, /fard/ is an indefinite article that possesses a wide range of applications and only a limited set of constraints. Its use, however, remains optional to a very high degree. Its main function is that of a presentative-i.e., introducing a new referent into a discourse. In addition, it also functions as an individuation marker, as a marker for expressing the speaker's epistemic status (knowledge/ignorance) regarding a referent, and indicating free choice from a set of potential referents. Related to this last function is its use as a mitigating device in imperatives and polite requests.
A systematic investigation of the Soqotri language and folklore, initiated in the last quarter of the 20th century by VITALY NAUMKIN, has been actively reassumed in November 2010 in the framework of the Interdisciplinary Expedition in Yemen supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Foundation for the Humanities 1. In the 2010 fieldwork season, NAUMKIN has been assisted by his Russian colleagues LEONID KOGAN and DMITRY CHERKASHIN. On the Soqotri side, most of the work was carried out by two native speakers, "ĪSĀ GUM"ĀN AD-DA"RHĪ (40 years old, a teacher in a primary school) and AÑMAD "ĪSĀ AD-DA"RHĪ (23 years old, a student of English in the Soqotra branch of the University of Hadramaut, Mukalla), both stemming from the bedouin tribe Da"rho. The core area of the tribe is located in the central-eastern part of the island 2 , its dialect represents the central-eastern dialect group and, as estimated by the informants themselves, is well understood by ca. 2/3 of the Soqotri-speaking population. After two sessions or so, it became obvious that our informants' contribution to the project would go far beyond what one could legitimately expect from an informant. While their intimate knowledge of the finest nuances of their native tongue has never failed to amaze us, no less striking is their natural talent for linguistic analysis, coupled with a keen understanding of the goals of the project and, last but not least, an exemplary devotion and patience. Their presence among the authors of this contribution (hopefully, also in the future publications of our team) is not only a token of our sincere gratitude to the people of Soqotra, but also a fair recognition of the academic merits of our Soqotri colleagues and friends. 1 Grant No. 10-01-18078е. Today, the project is also supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (РФФИ, project No. 12-06-00182-а) and the Foundation for Fundamental Linguistic Research (ФФЛИ, projects Nos. A-17/2011 and B-55/2012). Both institutions deserve our sincere gratitude for their financial help. 2 Wadi Da"rho can be easily spotted on the map in MILLER-MORRIS 2004:46 (ca. 12°30´/54°00´). 3 It is a pleasant duty to extend our gratitude to the editorial board of ZDMG for this wonderful opportunity. 'sun; day'. Since there is hardly any example where B would contrast with o, it would be reasonable to surmise an allophonic relationship between them, but this question requires further study. 9 But note possible contrasting pairs such as as bHºak 'to cut' vs. béºak 'to be cut'.
2016
Date defended: 6/24/2010 ii The Dissertation Committee for Pedro Mateo Pedro certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Acquisition of Verb Inflection in Q’anjob’al Maya: A Longitudinal Study
Unless you know the rules and terminology of grammar, it may be difficult for you to identify faults or mistakes in writing-A knowledge of grammar does not automatically guarantee error-free writing, but it will definitely help you keep a close watch over your sentences. You have studied grammar before, and many of its terms may be familiar to you. This section offers a review that will refresh your understanding of grammar and increase you confidence when writing. A. Parts of Speech There are eight parts of speech or classes of words in English; 1) nouns, 2) pronouns, 3) verbs, 4) adjectives, 5) adverbs, 6) conjunctions, 7) prepositions, and 8) interjections. The same word can function as more than one part of speech. To identify a word's part of speech you must find out how the word is used in a sentence. The word coach, for example may function as a noun in one sentence and as a verb in another sentence. 1) The football coach (Noun) knows how to deal with the players. 2) If possible can you spare some time to coach (Verb) me. 1) Nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas 2) Pronouns take the place of nouns. 3) Verbs express action or a state of being. A group of words must have a verb to form a complete sentence. Action Verbs: A Transitive verb expresses action that has an object. E.g., The player kicked the ball. (kicked what?-The ball, the object of the verb kicked). An Intransitive verb expresses action that has no object. E.g., My friend smiled. The Cooum runs through Chennai. Linking Verbs: A linking verb expresses a state of being or a condition rather than action. The most common linking verbs are forms of 'be' such as am, is, are, was, and were. Words such as appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, and taste also are linking verbs. These verbs link the subject of a sentence with a predicate