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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Principles and advances
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2004
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are currently under intensive development for a range of power generation application in transportation, stationary and portable power. The PEMFC can produce electricity at high fuel efficiency and high energy density. The PEMFC is typically based on Nafion Ò or similar polymers and operates at low temperatures of less than 80°C. This article reviews the design principles of the PEMFC, the advances made in their performance and considers their limitations in relation to the source and types of fuel used to generate power.
The main objective of this work is to give information on the behavior of three small PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell/Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) prototypes under static and dynamic load conditions. This is a fuel cell that holds promise in the use for energy in automotive and household applications. A computational model was developed to simulate the static and dynamic performance of this particular type of fuel cell. This model is based on electrochemical equations and takes into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of the device in order to generate power. The model takes into consideration the operating and design parameters of the materials, with the results being compared with practical experiments. This research gives the possibility to infer, from steady state and dynamic studies, on the design of PEMFC's of different sizes and also to develop a further research on the need for control such as of hydrogen and oxygen pressure and flow. The study of sizing of the fuel cell is also an invaluable asset due to the low cost of the simulation.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007
：Analyses of performance and behavior of the individual PEM fuel cells (PEMFC) under different operating conditions are of importance optimally to design and efficiently to operate the stack. The paper focuses on experimental analyses of a two-cell stack under different operating conditions, which performance and behavior are measured by the voltage of a cell as well as the stack. Experimental parameters include stoichiometric ratio, temperature of the air supplied under different working stack temperatures and loads. Results showed that the cell voltages are dominantly influenced by the temperature of the air supplied among others. In addition, an inherent difference between the first and the second cell voltage exists because of the tolerances of the cell components and the resulting different over-potentials at different equilibrium states. Furthermore, it is shown that the proton conductivity in the membranes conditioned by the humidity in the cathode channel highly affects the voltage differences of the two cells.
High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) e A review
h i g h l i g h t s < We examine the state of the art developments for the High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC). < We review the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC ranging from the cell materials to the stack and stack testing. < Advantages of HT-PEMFC type of system as compared with standard PEMFCs are discussed. < The need for further research in this field, in order to fulfil those systems potential, is highlighted. a b s t r a c t One possible solution of combating issues posed by climate change is the use of the High Temperature (HT) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) in some applications. The typical HT-PEMFC operating temperatures are in the range of 100e200 C which allows for co-generation of heat and power, high tolerance to fuel impurities and simpler system design. This paper reviews the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC, ranging from cell materials to stack and stack testing. Only acid doped PBI membranes meet the US DOE (Department of Energy) targets for high temperature membranes operating under no humidification on both anode and cathode sides (barring the durability). This eliminates the stringent requirement for humidity however, they have many potential drawbacks including increased degradation, leaching of acid and incompatibility with current state-of-the-art fuel cell materials. In this type of fuel cell, the choice of membrane material determines the other fuel cell component material composition, for example when using an acid doped system, the flow field plate material must be carefully selected to take into account the advanced degradation. Novel research is required in all aspects of the fuel cell components in order to ensure that they meet stringent durability requirements for mobile applications.
Development of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1999
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell "PEMFC# is one of the strongest contenders as a power source for space\ electric vehicle and domestic applications[ Since 0877 intensive research is being carried out at our centre to develop PEMFCs[ The main R+D activities are] "i# to develop a method for the electrode preparation "ii# to enhance platinum utilisation using low platinum loading and "iii# to design multicell stacks[ The results of R+D development of the above activities are discussed in this paper[ Þ 0888 International Association for Hydrogen Energy[ Published by Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[
Review High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) e A review
h i g h l i g h t s < We examine the state of the art developments for the High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC). < We review the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC ranging from the cell materials to the stack and stack testing. < Advantages of HT-PEMFC type of system as compared with standard PEMFCs are discussed. < The need for further research in this field, in order to fulfil those systems potential, is highlighted.
Polymer Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell: A Review
The review paper includes introduction, working principle of the PEM fuel cell and Description of water management problem in PEM fuel cell. The discussions are based on elimination of water management problem by proper design of fuel cell. The paper shows the various types of efficiency, polarization characteristics and power characteristics. It also describes the various parameters (pressure, temperature, stoichiometry ratio and humidity) which affect the performance of fuel cell, its optimum range in which fuel cell operate safely and efficiently. This paper represents the recent work done for improvement of the performance of PEM fuel cell. Fuel cell performance is increased by proper water management on the membrane. Basic parameter which enhances the fuel cell performance is Relative humidity, Flow field design, Temperature, stoichiometric ratio. With the help of this studies, we observe that the fuel ce ll performance improve by Increasing the relative humidity, temperature, pressure , stoichiometric ratio and using the split serpentine flow field instead of single serpentine flow field. The objective of this study is to explore the research in the field of PEM fuel cell and to make it cost effective for sustainable power supply.
High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)–A review
Journal of Power …, 2013
h i g h l i g h t s < We examine the state of the art developments for the High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC). < We review the current literature concerning the HT-PEMFC ranging from the cell materials to the stack and stack testing. < Advantages of HT-PEMFC type of system as compared with standard PEMFCs are discussed. < The need for further research in this field, in order to fulfil those systems potential, is highlighted.
Applied Energy, 2011
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which convert the chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel directly and efficiently to electrical energy with water as the only byproduct, have the potential to reduce our energy use, pollutant emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels. Great deal of efforts has been made in the past, particularly during the last couple of decades or so, to advance the PEM fuel cell technology and fundamental research. Factors such as durability and cost still remain as the major barriers to fuel cell commercialization. In the past two years, more than 35% cost reduction has been achieved in fuel cell fabrication, the current status of 61/kW(2009)fortransportationfuelcellisstillover5061/kW (2009) for transportation fuel cell is still over 50% higher than the target of the US Department of Energy (DOE), i.e. 61/kW(2009)fortransportationfuelcellisstillover5030/kW by 2015, in order to compete with the conventional technology of internal-combustion engines. In addition, a lifetime of $2500 h (for transportation PEM fuel cells) was achieved in 2009, yet still needs to be doubled to meet the DOE's target, i.e. 5000 h. Breakthroughs are urgently needed to overcome these barriers. In this regard, fundamental studies play an important and indeed critical role. Issues such as water and heat management, and new material development remain the focus of fuel-cell performance improvement and cost reduction. Previous reviews mostly focus on one aspect, either a specific fuel cell application or a particular area of fuel cell research. The objective of this review is three folds: (1) to present the latest status of PEM fuel cell technology development and applications in the transportation, stationary, and portable/micro power generation sectors through an overview of the state-of-the-art and most recent technical progress; (2) to describe the need for fundamental research in this field and fill the gap of addressing the role of fundamental research in fuel cell technology; and (3) to outline major challenges in fuel cell technology development and the needs for fundamental research for the near future and prior to fuel cell commercialization.