Adiponectin action from head to toe (original) (raw)

Physiological role of adiponectin in different tissues: a review

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018

Adiponectin is the most important adipokine secreted by the adipose tissue. It carries out an important role in setting up the metabolism and improving the function of various organs. Adiponectin in the kidneys prevents degradation of the renal arteries, reduces protein excretion, and improves filtration. This role is accomplished by regulating anabolic pathways and reducing oxidative stress in the renal tissue. This hormone in the liver prevents the accumulation of fat and free radicals that cause damage to liver cells and tissue. This adipokine, by preventing inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, obesity and insulin resistance, improves vascular function and prevents the development of atherosclerosis. It seems that adiponectin can also be a therapeutic target for many metabolic diseases. This study aims to clarify the adipose tissue discharge. Here, the diverse physiological actions of adiponectin were reviewed to provide an overview of its therapeutic potential in different metabolic disorders.

Adiponectin: Characterization, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Action

International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences, 2015

In the last two decades, the understanding of adipose tissue biology underwent revolutionary changes, from a major energy storage site to an important endocrine organ responsible for the production and secretion of proteins, peptides and non-bioactive peptides. Among the proteins secreted by adipocytes, adiponectin (APN) is the most abundant, with important physiological actions in the cardiovascular and endocrine system, involving the sensitization of insulin action and regulation of body energy metabolism, including the heart. This review aims to describe the action of APN on the cardiovascular system. It includes original manuscripts with humans or animals. The databases PubMed and Medline, from years 1994 to 2013, were searched. Case reports, pilot studies or review studies have not been included. The health science descriptors and MeSH specific for Medline were used as keywords. The following cross searches were carried out: Adiponectin AND Obesity, Adiponectin AND Metabolism and Adiponectin AND Cardiovascular Disease. We found 303 manuscripts, excluded 204 and selected 31 manuscripts that were included this study. In the general context of this review, APN presents anti-inflammatory and ateroprotector effects in the vascular tissue and an insulin sensitizing action in tissues involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. It is thus considered an important biomarker for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Physiological Roles and Associated Disorders of Adiponectin

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016

ABSTRACTAmong the adipokines, adiponectin is the first one to be described just over a decade ago. It is produced exclusively by adipose tissue and circulatesin high concentration in human plasma accounting for 0.01% of proteins in plasma, almost thousand times higher than that of leptin. The normalcirculating level of adiponectin ranges from 2 to 30 µg/ml. It is now observed that besides adipose tissue, adiponectin can also be produced byseveral other tissues such as hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and placenta. Adiponectin executes its action via autocrine as well as and paracrine effects.Researchers working in this area have revealed that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Our reviewfocuses on adiponectin, its mode of action on different peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, brain and its the correlative accountin various diseases.Keywords: Adiponectin, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Inflammation, Malignancies, Cardio...

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein

Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca, 2005

Adipose tissue is a hormonally active tissue, producing adipocytokines which may influence activity of other tissues. Adiponectin, abundantly present in the plasma increases insulin sensitivity by stimulating fatty acid oxidation, decreases plasma triglycerides and improves glucose metabolism. Adiponectin levels are inversely related to the degree of adiposity. Anorexia nervosa and type 1 diabetes are associated with increased plasma adiponectin levels and higher insulin sensitivity. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels were reported in insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes and in patients with coronary artery disease. Activity of adiponectin is associated with leptin, resistin and with steroid and thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, NO and others. Adiponectin suppresses expression of extracellular matrix adhesive proteins in endothelial cells and atherosclerosis potentiating cytokines. Anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin and the ab...

Adiponectin: Regulation of its production and role in human diseases

Adiponectin is a white and brown adipose tissue hormone, also known as gelatin-binding protein-28 (GbP28), AdipoQ, adipocyte complement-related protein (AcrP30), or apM1. Adiponectin circulates in the bloodstream in trimeric, hexameric, and high-molecular-mass species, while different forms of adiponectin have been found to play distinct roles in the balance of energy homoeostasis. Adiponectin is an insulin sensitizing hormone that exerts its action through its receptors Adipor1, Adipor2, and t-cadherin. Adipor1 is expressed abundantly in muscle, whereas Adipor2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. Adiponectin is inversely proportional to obesity, diabetes, and other insulin-resistant states. In this review we present the current findings regarding the regulation of its production and several new findings pertaining to its biological effects. Indeed, adiponectin enhances AMPK and the PPARα pathway in the liver and skeletal muscle. Adiponectin increases fatty acids oxidation, which lowers circulating free fatty acids and prevents insulin resistance. Adiponectin has been reported to exert an antiatherosclerotic effect. It inhibits macrophage activation and foam cell accumulation while it also augments endothelial nitrous oxide production and protects the vasculature by reducing platelet aggregation and vasodilation. Apart from causing metabolic dysfunction, adiponectin deficiency may also contribute to coronary heart disease, steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and a wide array of cancers. In this study, we present ample evidence that adiponectin mediates multiple molecular pathways. We therefore support the concept that it shows distinct potential for being of therapeutic value in the treatment of obesity related diseases, ranging from metabolic syndrome to malignancies.

Adiponectin and its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets, 2008

Studies performed during the last decade indicate that adipose tissue is not only a site of triglyceride storage but also an active endocrine organ which secretes many biologically active mediators referred to as "adipokines". In contrast to many adipokines which are overproduced in obese individuals and exert deleterious effects on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular system, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resistin, etc., adiponectin seems to be a unique adipokine which is produced in lower amounts in obese than in lean subjects and possesses predominantly beneficial activities, i.e. increases insulin sensitivity, stimulates fatty acid oxidation, inhibits inflammatory reaction and induces endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation. Adiponectin binds two receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. Adiponectin knockout mice exhibit various manifestations of the metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and hypertension, as well as augmented neointima formation after vascular injury. Clinical studies indicate that plasma adiponectin concentration is lower in patients with essential hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Raising endogenous adiponectin level or increasing the sensitivity to this hormone may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Among currently used drugs, thiazolidinediones (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists) are most effective in elevating adiponectin level.

Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Nutrients

Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions.

Review on Adiponectin: A Benevolent Adipokine

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Adiponectin is a most abundant secretory protein produced by adipocytes of white adipose tissue. Adiponectin circulates in blood as three different (high-molecular, middle-molecular, and low-molecular weight) isoforms, gives its effects through AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptor. Primary data suggesting that adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. High serum level of adiponectin is positively associated with inflammation severity and pathological progression in chronic kidney disease, liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease. It has emerged as a valuable biomarker for insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk and inflammation. Adiponectin is gaining attention for its therapeutic role in Alzheimer’s disease. Adiponectin appears to play a crucial role not only in glucose and lipid metabolism but also the development and progression of different cancers. Adiponectin also produced locally in the retinas participate in defense of various eye dis...

The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease

European Journal of Endocrinology, 2003

Adiponectin, also called GBP-28, apM1, AdipoQ and Acrp30, is a novel adipose tIssue-specific protein that has structural homology to collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q, and that circulates in human plasma at high levels. It is one of the physiologically active polypeptides secreted by adipose tIssue, whose multiple functions have started to be understood in the last few Years.A reduction in adiponectin expression is associated with insulin resistance in some animal models. Administration of adiponectin has been accompanied by a reduction in plasma glucose and an increase in insulin sensitivity. In addition, thiazolidinediones, drugs that enhance insulin sensitivity through stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, increase plasma adiponectin and mRNA levels in mice. On the other hand, this adipocyte protein seems to play a protective role in experimental models of vascular injury. In humans, adiponectin levels are inversely related to the degree...