Chemical Aspects of Nanoparticle Ecotoxicology (original) (raw)
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The emerging literature on the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and nanomaterials is summarised, then the fundamental physico-chemistry that governs particle behaviour is explained in an ecotoxicological context. Techniques for measuring nanoparticles in various biological and chemical matrices are also outlined. The emerging ecotoxicological literature shows toxic effects on fish and invertebrates, often at low mg l−1 concentrations of nanoparticles. However, data on bacteria, plants, and terrestrial species are particularly lacking at present. Initial data suggest that at least some manufactured nanoparticles may interact with other contaminants, influencing their ecotoxicity. Particle behaviour is influenced by particle size, shape, surface charge, and the presence of other materials in the environment. Nanoparticles tend to aggregate in hard water and seawater, and are greatly influenced by the specific type of organic matter or other natural particles (colloids) present in freshwater. The state of dispersion will alter ecotoxicity, but many abiotic factors that influence this, such as pH, salinity, and the presence of organic matter remain to be systematically investigated as part of ecotoxicological studies. Concentrations of manufactured nanoparticles have rarely been measured in the environment to date. Various techniques are available to characterise nanoparticles for exposure and dosimetry, although each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages for the ecotoxicologist. We conclude with a consideration of implications for environmental risk assessment of manufactured nanoparticles.
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In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy, cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide, nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri (bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ; algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive organism is algae - Chlorella sp ; the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.