Modelling and optimization of the cyclic regime of an ion-exchange process for sugar juice softening (original) (raw)
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Electrodialysis (ED) using two-stack configurations with homopolar or bipolar membranes was investigated for deacidification of tropical fruit juices (passion fruit, mulberry, naranjilla). The objective was to develop a mathematical treatment for ED to predict the behavior of a fruit juice at industrial scale from ED performances at laboratory scale. From parameters such as current efficiency, electric resistance of the anion exchange membrane, and coefficients of variation with temperature determined in a laboratoryscale stack, modeling was applied to a pilot-scale stack that has a total effective membrane area 70 times larger. If no fouling took place, and except for conductivity at pH higher than 3.8, the differences between the experimental and simulated values for pH, titrable acidity, voltage, and energy consumption were inferior to 7%, 16%, 20%, and 15%, respectively, for all the fruit juices and operating conditions. Moreover, the average electrical charge of citric acid species transferred was 2.16 for all fruit juices, indicating that the current transport was mainly due to the ionic species issued from the secondary dissociation of the citric acid.
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In light of the growing interest in products with reduced sugar content, there is a need to consider reducing the natural sugar concentration in juices while preserving the initial concentration of nutritional compounds. This paper reviewed the current state of knowledge related to mixing juices, membrane processes, and enzymatic processes in producing fruit juices with reduced concentrations of sugars. The limitations and challenges of these methods are also reviewed, including the losses of nutritional ingredients in membrane processes and the emergence of side products in enzymatic processes. As the existing methods have limitations, the review also identifies areas that require further improvements and technological innovations.
PILOT PLANT INVESTIGATION OF CLEAR JUICE SOFTENING
The benefits of clear juice softening in the raw house, such as reduced evaporator scaling, have been disc~lssed previously. The effects on boiling house operation, including exhaustion, need to be quantified for a full econoinic evaluation to be performed. Mill clear juice was pumped through a pilot softening unit and evaporated to symp in the Felixton (FX) evaporator pilot plant. Extended evaporator fouling tests on raw and softened clear juice showed greatly reduced fouling from the softened juice. Batches of raw and softened syrup were boiled in the Sugar Milling Research Institute (SMRI) pilot pan to produce A-and B-massecuites and molasses. The effects of softening on operational parameters such as purity are discussed.
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Applied Thermal Engineering, 2001
The sugar manufacturing process based on cooling crystallisation of concentrated raw juice is considered. Micro-®ltration and softening of raw juice makes it possible to obtain white sugar by three-or fourstage cooling crystallisation. Prior to crystallisation, raw juice should be concentrated by multistage evaporation in a pressure range below the atmospheric pressure. The preferred evaporator arrangement is backward feed. As the temperature of vapours and condensates leaving the evaporator station is low, the opportunities for heat recovery are limited. In order to save energy, vapour recompression can be applied. For a given evaporator structure, the energy consumption depends on the parameters of the evaporation process. The minimum energy consumption of the novel process should thus be determined by simultaneously carrying out energy targeting and optimisation of evaporation. It is assumed that the consumption of utilities in the sugar factory is balanced with the supply of heat and power from the factoryÕs own power plant. Energy systems employing various CHP technologies and various evaporator stations optionally combined with vapour compressors are studied. A range of feasible solutions is de®ned in terms of minimum energy consumption and combined heat transfer area of the evaporator station and the heat exchanger network.
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Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane process has been commonly used for clarification and concentration of apple juice processes, due to significant advance in membrane technology, requirements for low energy and cost, and effective retention of aroma components. In this paper, a multi-stage RO industrial full-scale plant based on the MSCB 2521 RE99 spiralwound membrane module has been used to simulate the process of concentrating apple juice and to identify an optimal multi-stage RO process for a specified apple juice product of high concentration measured in Brix. The optimisation problem is formulated as a Nonlinear Programming (NLP) problem with five different RO superstructures to maximise the apple juice concentration as well as the operating parameters such as feed pressure, flow rate and temperature are optimised. A simple lumped parameter model based on the solution-diffusion model and the contribution of all sugar species (sucrose, glucose, malic acid, fructose and sorbitol) to the osmotic pressure is assumed to represent the process. The study revealed that the multi-stage series RO process can optimise the product concentration of apple juice better than other configurations. It has been concluded that the series configuration of twelve elements of 1.03 m² area improves the product apple juice concentration by about 142% compared to one element. Furthermore, the feed pressure and flow rate were found to have a significant impact on the concentration of the apple juice.
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This study will provide an overview and a description of the most promising alternatives to conventional thermal treatments for juice stabilization, as well as a review of the literature data on fruit and vegetable juice processing in terms of three key parameters in juice production, which are microbial reduction, enzyme inactivation, and nutrient-compound retention. The alternatives taken into consideration in this work can be divided, according to the action mechanism upon which these are based, in non-conventional thermal treatments, among which microwave heating (MWH) and ohmic heating (OH), and non-thermal treatments, among which electrical treatments, i.e., pulsed electric fields (PEF), high-pressure processing (HPP), radiation treatments such as ultraviolet light (UVL) and high-intensity pulsed light (PL), and sonication (HIUS) treatment, and inert-gas treatments, i.e., the pressure change technology (PCT) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) treatments. For each techno...
Use of Experimental Breakthrough Curves for Ion Exchange Process Optimization
2006
− H RC ), cealaltă cu anionit puternic bazic ( − + HO R A ). Studiul efectuat a avut ca obiectiv utilizarea curbelor de străpungere pentru stabilirea influenţei calitative si cantitative a factorilor procesului, respectiv viteza fictivă de curgere a soluţiei, volumul total de schimbători de ioni si temperatura de operare, asupra răspunsurilor procesului, respectiv duratele adimensionale de străpungere si saturare, precum si eficienţa schimbului ionic. The paper presents a study of the total demineralization of a dilute sodium chloride aqueous solution by ion exchange using two fixed bed columns, the former filled with a strongly acidic resin ( + − H R C ) and the second with a strongly basic resin ( − + HO R A ). The study aimed at the use of breakthrough curves in establishing of a qualitative and quantitative influence of the process factors, namely solution superficial velocity, total volume of the resin beds and operating temperature, on the process responses, respectively break...