Situational Determinants in Code-switching among L1-L2 English-Spanish Bilingual Adults (original) (raw)
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This study discusses the perceptions and understandings of code-switching of bilingual English-Spanish speakers from the Inland Northwest. Earlier studies reported that speakers generally hold a negative view of code-switching; however, results of this study questions whether these conclusions remain true. Results from ten, hour-long semi-structured interviews including four musical selections as examples of code-switching demonstrate a shift away from traditional views towards code-switching. Rendering, older studies problematic this study calls for the continuation of code-switching research as well as new and inventive approaches for researching code-switching in the future.
Social Factors Prompting Adult Bilingual Speakers to Code Switch
Englisia Journal, 2017
It has been long known that bilinguals can switch their speeches from one language to another when interacting within their own community. Some experts argue that code switch occurs due to the lack of proficiency in languages, lazy choices and easy solutions in communicating, and impact of linguistic dominance. This paper describes the social factors which promote adult bilinguals in code switching. The paper focuses on three types of the social factors contributing to code switching.The first type deals with factors independent of specific speakers and circumstances such as prestige, cover prestige, and power relation. The second one is related to speakers’ competence both as individuals and members of a sub group. The last category refers to factors within the conversation where code switching emerges. To conclude, these social factors are highly relevant in prompting adult bilinguals to code switch.
Code-switching and code-mixing in bilinguals: Cognitive, developmental, and empirical approaches
2007
The study of how individuals use and process two or more languages is an extremely important area of research, especially as the world's bilingual population continues to increase. It has been reported that currently, a majority of people worldwide are bilingual (Bhatia and Ritchie, 2004; Edwards, 2004; Tabouret-Keller, 2004). Although much of the research conducted in the domain of cognitive psychology has focused on the interesting question of how a bilingual represents or stores both of their languages in memory, there is a growing body of literature designed to explore how bilinguals process and switch in and out of languages. This usually occurs in speech production when an individual is speaking one language (i.e., referred to as the matrix or base language) and then rapidly replaces a word or phrase in that language with a word in the other language (i.e., guest language) (Li, 1996). For example, Heredia and Altarriba (2001, p. 164) introduced an example of code-switching that could be observed in the informal speech of a Spanish-English bilingual: "Dame una hamburguesa sin lettuce por favor?" ("Give me a hamburger without lettuce please?"), where in this statement the English word lettuce is used in place of its Spanish translation. Although the terms code (language)-mixing and code-switching are used interchangeably in current discussions (Heredia and Altarriba, 2001), differences between the two phenomena have been pointed out in previous work. Code-mixing was originally described as using words and phrases from one language in place of those in the other language within a single sentence (i.e., the previous example where switching languages occurs within one sentence) (Sridhar and Sridhar, 1980, p. 408). On the other hand, code-switching has been described as switching between languages based on changes in the speech situation, where the topic or members of the conversation change (see e.g., Altarriba and Santiago-Rivera, 1994, for No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.
Why do People Code-switch: A Sociolinguistic Approach
This paper sets out at the beginning different definitions and approaches to the linguistic phenomenon -Code-Switching. Through my work, I will highlight five different factors that motivate code-switching in a bilingual speaker although the reasons for code-switching are many . I will talk about the role of ethnic solidarity, social class, topic, affection, and persuasion in motivating switching codes. I will use different approaches and case-studies conducted by researchers from inside and outside Lebanon to back up my discussion.
Acquiring L1-English L2-Spanish Code-Switching: The Role of Exposure to Language Mixing
Languages, 2018
This paper explores the code-switching behavior of second language (L2) bilinguals as a lens into the development of their L2 linguistic systems. Specifically, it investigates the acceptability judgments of L1-English L2-Spanish bilinguals on intra-sentential code-switching, comparing those judgments to a group of Spanish-English bilinguals who acquired both languages as an L1. The particular issues of proficiency and bilingual language behavior are analyzed, testing whether either factor has an effect on L2 code-switching intuitions. The results suggest that both proficiency and bilingual language behavior are relevant. L2 bilinguals with an intermediate/advanced proficiency level of Spanish were more likely to align with 2L1 bilinguals with regard to code-switching judgments, as were L2 bilinguals who reported prior experience with language mixing. L2 bilinguals with lower proficiency in Spanish, as well as those who reported never engaging in code-switching, however, were more likely to diverge from the 2L1 bilinguals in their judgments.
Inter and intrasentential code switching among late bilinguals
2021
This study investigates intersentential and intrasentential code switching among late bilinguals among the Kurdish bilinguals. enormous studies have been conducted on the impact of age of language acquisition on learning second language, however a little research have been conducted concerning to the influence of age of acquisition on how bilingual speakers code switch and the influence of language proficiency on intersentential and intrasentential code switching. The result found out that that age of acquisition plays a crucial role in bilingual code switch. Early bilinguals code switch more frequently than the late bilinguals, intersentential code switching is more common among late bilinguals, whilst intrasentenial code switching is more trend among the early bilinguals.
A community-based study of social, prosodic, and syntactic factors in code-switching
2012
The phenomenon of code-switching (CS)-the alternation between two languages within a single discourse event-has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars in the last three decades. This study is based on the speech of members of a bilingual community in northern New Mexico, in which Spanish and English have been in contact for over 150 years. The data are 8,723 Intonation Units totaling 43,193 transcribed words and corresponding to approximately 4.5 hours of the 29 hours of recorded material, from conversations lasting from 45 minutes to two hours. 28 Spanish-English bilinguals born and raised in Mora County participated: 14 women and 14 men, 30 to over 70 years old. From this Mora, New Mexico Corpus (MNMC), 1,181 tokens of CS were extracted. The study focuses on social, prosodic, and syntactic considerations in CS. Information about acquisition and use of the two languages and linguistic attitudes were culled from the recordings, which, unlike answers obtained via a questionnaire, provide an indication of issues of concern to the community. Spanish language dominance, as evaluated by individual speakers themselves, appears to be correlated with older age and primary-school-level education. Prosodic units are important, though this is not a categorical constraint, in that 79% of all switches occur at Intonation Unit (IU) boundaries, with Spanish-dominant speakers showing a higher rate of CS
Code-switching in Sociolinguistic Studies: Review and Analysis K h a l i l E l -S a g h i r
This paper reviews sociolinguistic studies on code-switching, a widespread phenomenon among speakers of different languages and/or dialects. It differentiates between code-switching and code-mixing and distinguishes between code-switching and diglossia. And it presents and evaluates the theories that are presented to explain the motivations and constrains for code-switching.