Dried Blood Spots on Filter Paper as an Alternative Specimen for Measles Diagnostics: Detection of Measles Immunoglobulin M Antibody by a Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay (original) (raw)
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BMC Pediatrics
Background Measles is a recurrent health problem in both advanced and developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends anti-measles immunoglobulin M (Ig M) as the standard method of detecting the virus; however, many areas still present the inability to perform a serology test of anti-measles IgM. Therefore, a typical clinical feature is necessary to establish the diagnosis of measles. The objective of this study was to evaluate hyperpigmented rash and other clinical features as the diagnostic tools with respect to measles, especially in an outbreak setting. Methods In this observational diagnostic study, the inclusion criteria were as follows: between 6 and 144 months of age, fever, maculopapular rash for 3 days or more, accompanied by a cough, or coryza, or conjunctivitis. Those with a prior history of measles vaccination (1–6 weeks) were excluded, in addition to those with histories of corticosteroid for 2 weeks or more and immunocompromised conditions. The sam...
Laboratory diagnosis of acute measles infections in hospitalized children in Zambia
Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1997
Laboratory diagnosis of measles infection is rarely performed in developing countries and tends to depend on clinical symptoms alone. We evaluated detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies for confirmation of acute measles infection in Zambia. In 149 hospitalized children with clinical diagnosis of measles, IgM antibodies were detected in 88.6% (132/149). The IgM-positive rate increased with time after onset of skin rash and all samples were positive after 4 days. In addition to IgM antibody test, virus isolations from throat swabs using B95a cells were also performed. These were positive in only 20.9% (14/67), and both IgM and virus isolation in combination increased the positive rate to 92.5% (62/67). Vaccinated children had higher neutralizing (Nt) antibody responses and, among IgM-negative patients, all 4 vaccinated children had high Nt antibodies while all 10 unvaccinated children had negative or low Nt results. The IgM antibody test was proved to be a sensitive method for laboratory confirmation of measles virus infection in developing countries.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2001
As measles control and elimination campaigns progress, laboratory confirmation of clinically diagnosed measles cases becomes increasingly important. However, in many tropical countries collection and storage of clinical specimens for this purpose are logistically complicated. In this study it is shown that blood samples spotted on filter paper are suitable for the laboratory diagnosis of measles using a combination of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis and immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection. First, it was shown that in vitro measles virus (MV)-infected cells diluted in human blood and spotted on filter paper can be detected by RT-PCR. Small amounts of infected cells remained detectable after 25 weeks of storage of the filter paper at room temperature, 4 weeks at 37°C, or 2 weeks at 45°C. Subsequently, this RT-PCR was applied to filter paper blood samples collected from 117 clinically diagnosed measles patients in Sudan in 1997 and 1998. Prior laboratory diagnosis had confirme...
International Journal of General Medicine, 2015
Background: Measles remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality in developing countries, with its greatest incidence in children younger than 2 years of age. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of measles virus in children (aged 0-8 months) and older children (aged 9-23 months) presenting with measles-like symptoms. Methods: A total of 273 blood samples comprising 200 from children aged 0-8 months and 73 from children aged 9-23 months were collected and analyzed for measles virus IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: An overall prevalence of 21.2% was obtained, with a prevalence of 6.5% in children aged 0-8 months and 61.6% in children aged 9-23 months. The prevalence of measles virus increased with age in children aged 0-8 months and decreased with age in older children (aged 9-23 months), showing a significant association between measles virus and age of the child (P=0.000). A higher prevalence was found in females (27.5%) than in males (16.3%) and this difference was significant (odds ratio 1.942, P=0.025). There was no significant association with the level of parental education, parental occupation, or number of children in the family (P.0.05). With respect to children's vaccination status and breastfeeding, there was a significant association (P,0.05). The marital status of the family, place of residence, and household size showed no significant association with the prevalence of measles virus. However, a significant association was observed in relation to maternal measles history (odds ratio 2.535, P=0.005) and maternal vaccination status (odds ratio 1.791, P=0.049), as well as between measles virus infection and all presenting symptoms, except for vomiting, malaria, typhoid, and pneumonia, which showed no significant association (P.0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm the presence of measles virus infection in children aged 0-8 months.
Comparison of available methods to elute serum from dried blood spot samples for measles serology
Journal of Virological Methods, 2006
Six existing protocols for the extraction of serum from blood spots dried onto filter paper were compared. Assessment criteria included: detection of measles IgM and IgG by the Dade Behring Enzygnost ® immunoassays, volumes of recovered eluates, reproducibility, processing time and throughput, difficulty of protocol, equipment required, safety and estimated costs. Detection of measles IgM in eluates obtained by four of these protocols was as in serum, and significant differences were only observed in eluates from the two remaining protocols (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between extraction protocols regarding measles-specific IgG detection when an IgG indeterminate DBS was analyzed (p < 0.05), but not when an IgG positive and negative DBS were studied. Sufficient eluate volumes were recovered for testing in the IgM Behring assay following all protocols but two. Sufficient eluate was recovered for testing in the IgG Behring assay following all six protocols. While all protocols were relatively easy to perform, only two protocols required less than 2 h for completion. In general, compared protocols performed well on the extraction of antibodies from DBS for serology with differences being observed with eluate volume recovery, turn around time, required equipment and cost. An easy-to-implement protocol is proposed for the rapid extraction of serum for measles/rubella serology in outbreak situations for use in the World Health Organization Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network.
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2011
Objective To evaluate the performance of a newly developed point-of-care test (POCT) for the detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies in serum and oral fluid specimens and to assess if measles virus nucleic acid could be recovered from used POCT strips. Methods The POCT was used to test 170 serum specimens collected through measles surveillance or vaccination programmes in Ethiopia, Malaysia and the Russian Federation: 69 were positive for measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, 74 were positive for rubella IgM antibodies and 7 were positive for both. Also tested were 282 oral fluid specimens from the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) surveillance programme of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Microimmune measles IgM capture enzyme immunoassay was the gold standard for comparison. A panel of 24 oral fluids was used to investigate if measles virus haemagglutinin (H) and nucleocapsid (N) genes could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction directly from used POCT strips. Findings With serum POCT showed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.8% (69/76) and 93.6% (88/94), respectively; with oral fluids, sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (63/70) and 96.2% (200/208), respectively. Both H and N genes were reliably detected in POCT strips and the N genes could be sequenced for genotyping. Measles virus genes could be recovered from POCT strips after storage for 5 weeks at 20-25 °C. Conclusion The POCT has the sensitivity and specificity required of a field-based test for measles diagnosis. However, its role in global measles control programmes requires further evaluation.
Measles, one of the most infectious viral diseases of humans nearly all susceptible individuals in the absence of vaccination, is spread by the respiratory route and remains a major cause of mortality in children, particularly in developing countries. It is caused by measles virus (MV), which is an enveloped virus belonging to the genus morbillivirus of the family-paramyxoviridae. Measles is usually characterized by prodrome fever, maculopapular rash with one or a combination of coryza, cough, conjunctivitis and Koplik's spot. The study was conducted in some part of the NorthWest Nigeria with the aim to determine the seroprevalence of measles IgM and possible risk factors associated with the acquisition of the infection. A total of 725 children aged 0 to 10 years were selected for the study across the three states (Kano, Katsina and Zamfara). Measles-specific IgM antibodies were screened qualitatively using commercial ELISA IgM kit (Diagnostic Automation and Cortez, Calabasas, CA, USA). Measles IgM specific antibodies were detected in 334(44.4%) of the subjects. A higher prevalence of 53.2% was found in the age group 0-2years, and the least 21.4% in age group 8-10 years. There was a significant association between measles virus infection and age (P=0.001). Females show slightly higher prevalence 46.7% than males 42.1%, though there was no significant association (P=0.03). With respect to the parental occupation and education status, there was a significant association (P> 0.05) while vaccination status, number of vaccinations, travel history and contact history shows no significant statistical association (P> 0.05). However, in relation to previous measles history and crowded environment, statistically significant association was observed (P< 0.05). This is an indication that measles still persist in this part of the country despite the availability of safe and cost effective vaccine its persistence and burden is worrisome as observed in vaccinated and non-vaccinated children especially under five. Abstract Measles, one of the most infectious viral diseases of humans nearly all susceptible individuals in the absence of vaccination, is spread by the respiratory route and remains a major cause of mortality in children, particularly in developing countries. It is caused by measles virus (MV), which is an enveloped virus belonging to the genus morbillivirus of the family-paramyxoviridae. Measles is usually characterized by prodrome fever, maculopapular rash with one or a combination of coryza, cough, conjunctivitis and Koplik's spot. The study was conducted in some part of the NorthWest Nigeria with the aim to determine the seroprevalence of measles IgM and possible risk factors associated with the acquisition of the infection. A total of 725 children aged 0 to 10 years were selected for the study across the three states (Kano, Katsina and Zamfara). Measles-specific IgM antibodies were screened qualitatively using commercial ELISA IgM kit (Diagnostic Automation and Cortez, Calabasas, CA, USA). Measles IgM specific antibodies were detected in 334(44.4%) of the subjects. A higher prevalence of 53.2% was found in the age group 0-2years, and the least 21.4% in age group 8-10 years. There was a significant association between measles virus infection and age (P=0.001). Females show slightly higher prevalence 46.7% than males 42.1%, though there was no significant association (P=0.03). With respect to the parental occupation and education status, there was a significant association (P> 0.05) while vaccination status, number of vaccinations, travel history and contact history shows no significant statistical association (P> 0.05). However, in relation to previous measles history and crowded environment, statistically significant association was observed (P< 0.05). This is an indication that measles still persist in this part of the country despite the availability of safe and cost effective vaccine its persistence and burden is worrisome as observed in vaccinated and non-vaccinated children especially under five.
Seroprevalence of Measles Virus Infection among 0-10 Years Old Children in Parts of North Western
Continental J. Biological Sciences - Aliyu et al. 11 (2): 1 – 13 , 2018
Measles, one of the most infectious viral diseases of humans nearly all susceptible individuals in the absence of vaccination, is spread by the respiratory route and remains a major cause of mortality in children, particularly in developing countries. It is caused by measles virus (MV), which is an enveloped virus belonging to the genus morbillivirus of the family-paramyxoviridae. Measles is usually characterized by prodrome fever, maculopapular rash with one or a combination of coryza, cough, conjunctivitis and Koplik's spot. The study was conducted in some part of the NorthWest Nigeria with the aim to determine the seroprevalence of measles IgM and possible risk factors associated with the acquisition of the infection. A total of 725 children aged 0 to 10 years were selected for the study across the three states (Kano, Katsina and Zamfara). Measles-specific IgM antibodies were screened qualitatively using commercial ELISA IgM kit (Diagnostic Automation and Cortez, Calabasas, CA, USA). Measles IgM specific antibodies were detected in 334(44.4%) of the subjects. A higher prevalence of 53.2% was found in the age group 0-2years, and the least 21.4% in age group 8-10 years. There was a significant association between measles virus infection and age (P=0.001). Females show slightly higher prevalence 46.7% than males 42.1%, though there was no significant association (P=0.03). With respect to the parental occupation and education status, there was a significant association (P> 0.05) while vaccination status, number of vaccinations, travel history and contact history shows no significant statistical association (P> 0.05). However, in relation to previous measles history and crowded environment, statistically significant association was observed (P< 0.05). This is an indication that measles still persist in this part of the country despite the availability of safe and cost effective vaccine its persistence and burden is worrisome as observed in vaccinated and non-vaccinated children especially under five.