DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SHORT VERSION OF THE PARENTAL AUTHORITY QUESTIONNAIRE (original) (raw)
Related papers
Development and validation of the parental authority QuestionnaireRevised
… of Psychopathology and …, 2002
Baumrind's conceptualization of parenting style has influenced research and theorizing about childrearing for more than 30 years, yet few clinical applications of this work have been realized. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a parenting style measure, the Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised (PAQ-R). This project furthered the development and validation of the instrument by examining the factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the PAQ-R in a large, ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample. The factor structure and reliability of the PAQ-R was modest, but generally within the acceptable range. Specifically, the Authoritarian and Permissive subscales of the PAQ-R had modest reliability and convergent validity; these PAQ-R subscales correlated with relevant subscales of the Parenting Scale and the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory. By contrast, the Authoritativeness subscale had poorer psychometric properties when used in lower SES, primarily African American populations. While African American mothers in the sample reported being more Permissive than did Caucasian mothers, these differences disappeared after controlling for income and maternal education. By contrast, African American mothers continued to report more Authoritarian attitudes even after controlling for income and maternal education.
Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure
A 133-item parenting questionnaire was completed by 1251 parents of preschool and school-age children. Items in this measure were reduced using principle axes factor analyses followed by varimax rotation. Three global parenting dimensions emerged consistent with Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive typologies. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha and additional items were deleted. A 62-item instrument was retained, and the global parenting dimensions were subsequently analyzed to determine their internal structures using principle axes factor analyses followed by oblique rotation. For each of the three global dimensions a number of specific factors were identified.
A 133-item parenting questionnaire was completed by 1251 parents of preschool and school-age children. Items in this measure were reduced using principle axes factor analyses followed by varimax rotation. Three global parenting dimensions emerged consistent with Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive typologies. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha and additional items were deleted. A 62-item instrument was retained, and the global parenting dimensions were subsequently analyzed to determine their internal structures using principle axes factor analyses followed by oblique rotation. For each of the three global dimensions a number of specific factors were identified.
Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analyses of Parental Authority Questionnaire in Urban India
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2013
The present study examined the factor structure of a widely used measure of parenting style in three samples from Northwestern India. College students (n = 195) completed Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ; Buri, 1991), and mothers of children attending high-school (n = 275), and middle-school (n = 145) completed its parent-report version Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised (PAQ-R; Reitman, Rhode, Hupp, & Altobello, 2002). Preliminary findings revealed that across three samples Cronbach's alpha values ranged from poor to acceptable, with permissive parenting subscale of the PAQ/PAQ-R having the lowest value, whereas the authoritarian parenting had the highest value. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that none of the models achieved satisfactory fit (i.e., CFI > .90). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a two factor structure (with first component consisting of authoritative and permissive items, and the second component consisting of authoritarian items) rendered Cronbach's alpha in the acceptable range. Only PAQ/PAQ-R authoritarian scale was correlated with youth adjustment problems across all three samples, while findings concerning authoritative and permissive scales were mixed. The findings suggest that only PAQ/PAQ-R authoritarian scale is reliable and valid in urban, middle-class, educated families in India, and encourage researchers to develop culturally relevant measures of parenting for this population.
Determinants of Authoritative Parenting Style in Iranian Mothers
Iranian Rehabilitation Journal
The primary goal of this study was to identify the determinants of mother's authoritative parenting style upon the ecological model of parenting. There are some factors involved in this model such as a parent (i.e. developmental history, personality), and child characteristics (i.e. temperament and developmental issues) and environmental factors. Methods: The statistic population of this study includes mothers in Tehran having preschool children between 4-6 years old. By convenient sampling, eight kindergarten schools were selected, and mothers completed the questionnaires. The sample consisted of 157 mothers who had the authoritative parenting style based on the score of Baumrind's parenting style questionnaire. The participants completed the questionnaires and data was analyzed with regression analysis. Results: The parent's neuroticism (r=-0.253, P<0.01), social support (r=-0.200, P<0.05) and some temperamental characteristics of child i.e. excitability (r=-0.526, P<0.01) and activity (r=-0.163, P<0.05) were significant variables in prediction of authoritative parenting style. Discussion: This study enhances our understanding of the primary determinants of authoritative parenting style in Iranian mothers. The authoritative parenting style is a function of interactional mother and child characteristic and contextual components. These parents had a low score on neuroticism. Therefore, they had emotional stability and could manage their impulse and negative emotions about child maltreatment. Also, their children had low scores in excitability and a high score in sociability. Additionally, the authoritative mothers had weak social support. One explanation for this result is that mothers are the autonomy people and stand on their own rules and had little need to others.
Research Paper: Determinants of Authoritative Parenting Style in Iranian Mothers
Objectives: The primary goal of this study was to identify the determinants of mother's authoritative parenting style upon the ecological model of parenting. There are some factors involved in this model such as a parent (i.e. developmental history, personality), and child characteristics (i.e. temperament and developmental issues) and environmental factors. Methods: The statistic population of this study includes mothers in Tehran having preschool children between 4–6 years old. By convenient sampling, eight kindergarten schools were selected, and mothers completed the questionnaires. The sample consisted of 157 mothers who had the authoritative parenting style based on the score of Baumrind's parenting style questionnaire. The participants completed the questionnaires and data was analyzed with regression analysis. Results: The parent's neuroticism (r=-0.253, P<0.01), social support (r=-0.200, P<0.05) and some temperamental characteristics of child i.e. excitability (r=-0.526, P<0.01) and activity (r=-0.163, P<0.05) were significant variables in prediction of authoritative parenting style. Discussion: This study enhances our understanding of the primary determinants of authoritative parenting style in Iranian mothers. The authoritative parenting style is a function of interactional mother and child characteristic and contextual components. These parents had a low score on neuroticism. Therefore, they had emotional stability and could manage their impulse and negative emotions about child maltreatment. Also, their children had low scores in excitability and a high score in sociability. Additionally, the authoritative mothers had weak social support. One explanation for this result is that mothers are the autonomy people and stand on their own rules and had little need to others.
Construction and Validation of Scale of Parenting Style
This paper describes the development and standardization of a measure of perceived parenting style. The four styles namely authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and negligent proposed by Baumrind (1971) are scaled based on a quadrant of high and low levels of parental responsiveness and control suggested by Maccoby and Martin (1983). The items are constructed on socio-cultural and educational circumstances of adolescent students in Kerala, India. Hence, the tool will be largely suitable for scaling the four parenting styles among south Asian adolescent students. The tool has good criterion related validity and test-retest reliability. Parents have huge impact on a person's life. Number of studies in the area of parenting matches its importance on the developing person. Parenting process combines all the activities of the parents that intended to support their children's wellbeing. One of the most studied approaches to understanding parental influences on human development is concept of parenting style (Baumrind, 1967). Baumrind proposed parenting styles as correlates to socialization of the children. Then many researches recognized the importance of researching role of parenting style in child development (Kordi,
Cureus, 2023
Background Three parenting styles still form the foundation for today's research into childhood development. The natural mode of parenting falls somewhere among Baumrind's parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive). Due to the lack of research that integrates the relationship between parenting styles and socioeconomic status in Saudi Arabia, we decided to study different types of parenting styles and their relationship with sociodemographic status. Objective This study aimed to estimate the frequency of parenting styles among adolescent children's parents in Buraidah City, Qassim, during the year 2021. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among 496 parents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Parenting Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) was used to identify the parenting style of each participant. Data were analyzed using the Epi Info software version 7.2.5 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA). Results Among the surveyed parents, there were 250 (50.4%) males, and the mean age was 36.7 (±10.6) years. The majority (390, 78.6%) live in a nuclear family with a family size ranging from four to six members (285, 57.5%). A total of 451 (90.9%) parents were educated in secondary school and above. In this study, the common parenting style was the authoritative style (380, 76.6%). The two sociodemographic factors found to be statistically correlated with authoritative style were big family size (P=0.014) and the husband's income (P=0.012). Conclusion The study revealed that the authoritative parenting style was the dominant type among younger parents. However, no factors affect the parents' style except family size and the husband's income. It is important to develop parenting education programs to provide parents with the necessary skills and abilities to deal with their children.
The study aims to investigate the relationship between parental authority and parent-child relationship and also to explore the differences between males and females in terms of their relationship with their parents. The study was conducted among 160 participants between the age of 17 to 25 in Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia. The instruments used in the present study were Parent-Child Relationship Survey (PCRS) and Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). The results revealed that there is a significant parent-child relationship when the mother or father was authoritative in their parenting style. Furthermore, male participants rated both parents as significantly more authoritarian as compared to female participants. Male participants also rated both parents as significantly more permissive as compared to the ratings of their counterparts. Lastly, there was no significant difference between gender and parent-child relationship.
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
Background. Parents are especially important for young teens, and they have a considerable impact on adolescents' development and social adaptation. One of the important factors for understanding parental influence on children's development is the concept of "parenting style". Objectives. Due to the lack of standard instruments to measure parenting style, this study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Parenting Style-Four Factor Questionnaire (PS-FFQ). Material and methods. The study included 992 mothers of female students in Tabriz, Iran. Construct validity was assessed by using exploratory factor analyses with varimax rotation and principal component analysis extraction method and by confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the feasibility of the measure was judged based on ceiling and floor effects. Reliability of the questionnaire was determined using internal consistency. Results. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed four factors, which included 30 of the 32 items and also accounted for 32.91% of the variance. In the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the fit indices indicated: Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.90, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.04, providing a strong fit to the data. The internal consistency for the overall scale was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70). Conclusions. The PS-FFQ provides a more comprehensive assessment of parenting styles of adolescents' parents and may be suitable for wider use. It could also be applicable for psychologists and researchers to examine and identify parenting styles.