Possible limits for valorisation of the slag derived from the smelting of the nickel oxides in the New Co Ferronickel, Kosovo (original) (raw)
Related papers
Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although metallurgical slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties not according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction elements. This paper demonstrates the possibilities of using slag as one small part of industrial waste arising from the metallurgical processes of iron and steel production. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches, this paper pays special attention to slag significant trough the history and its using in the road construction.
Applied Sciences
A pyrometallurgical process was developed for the recycling of Ni bearing dusts and laterite ore fines by direct reduction smelting in DC (direct current) arc furnace. In the course of the performed industrial trials, besides the Ni-recovery in the liquid bath, slag composition was deliberately adjusted in order to produce a series of metallurgical slags with different chemical and mineralogical composition. The aim of this study was to investigate their suitability as clinker substitute in cement manufacturing. Examined parameters were slag FeOx content, basicity and applied cooling media (air, water cooling). A series of composite Portland and slag cements were manufactured in laboratory scale incorporating 20% and 40% of each slag, respectively; the rest being clinker of OPC (ordinary Portland cement) and 5% gypsum. The extended mineralogical analysis and microstructural properties of the produced slags were examined and correlated with the properties of the produced cements. The...
2013
An important step in secondary metallurgy of stainless steel is ladle metallurgy. Ladle slag is a by-product of ladle refining, typically specific for each steelmaking plant. Industrial secondary materials can be used for different applications, including construction and civil engineering. The use of industrial by-products requires the knowledge of the characteristics of the materials. Using metallurgical by-products that fulfil the relevant requirements can save natural resources, as well as helping to avoid impairment of the landscape through their excavation and, thus, minimizing the adverse landfilling of such materials. This paper provides an overview of possible uses of ladle slag (the slag from a ladle furnace and vacuum-oxygen-decarburization processes). As a preliminary research, ladle slag has been investigated using SEM/EDS. The commonly known hydraulic minerals, such as tricalcium aluminate, mayenite, tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate, were detected in this ana...
Processing and utilization of metallurgical slag
Production Engineering Archives
Metallurgy and foundry industry create a huge amount of slags that are by-products in production of pig iron, steel and cast iron. Slag is produced in a very large amount in pyrometallurgical processes, and is a huge source of waste if not properly recycled and utilized. With rapid growth of industrialization, land available for land-filling of large quantity of metallurgical slag is being reduced all over the world and disposal cost is becoming increasingly higher. Metallurgical slag from different metallurgical processes treated and utilized in different ways based on different slag characteristics. The most economic and efficient option for reducing metallurgical waste is through recycling, which is a significant contribution to saving natural resources and reducing CO 2 emissions. Characteristic of slags as well as its treatment and utilization are given in the paper. Slag from pig iron and steel production is used most frequently in building industry. From experiments using blast furnace slag and granulated blast furnace slag as gravel, and water glass as binder it can be concluded that that the best resultsthe best values of compression strength and tensile strength were reached by using of 18% of water glass as a solidification activating agent. According to cubic compression strength, mixture from 50% blast furnace gravel, 50% granulated blast furnace slag and 18% water glass falls into C35/45 class of concrete. Such concrete also fulfils strength requirements for road concrete, moreover, it even exceeds them considerably and, therefore, it can find an application in construction of road communications or in production of concrete slabs.
STUDY OF IRON AND STEEL SLAG AS A PRODUCT WITH RESPECT TO PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, 2017
This paper review the generation of slag from an integrated steel plant; focusing on, slag generated in blast furnace during process of iron making and through EAF / BOF during process of steel making .The slag generated from BF and EAF/BOF are having different characteristic. The different type of slag having different chemical and physical properties, this depends on the chemical properties of input raw material charged in process of iron/steel making and this slag used in different process as raw material. Blast Furnace slag production ranges from about 220 to 370 kilograms per metric ton of pig iron produced; although lower grade ores may yield much higher slag fractions. Steel making process in electric arc furnaces generates up to 15 % of slag, which is, based on its properties, classified as non-hazardous waste. Disposal of such material requires large surfaces and it is rather unfavorable in economic terms.
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal, 2021
The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify the problems, features and consequences of strategic transformations in the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in the context of reviewing the circular process of organization of the economy, where the blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling production waste are of a high potential. The reuse of metallurgical waste has a number of economic advantages in terms of the chemical composition of the product life cycle. Blast furnace slag is suitable as a raw material in cement production and can be used as fillers in the construction of roads, hydraulic and environmental facilities, during reclamation works, etc. Agriculture actively uses slag as a fertilizer that contains potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron-as an additive that reduces soil acidity. Currently, all slag can be processed into fertilizers or building materials. The economic effect of the use of slag in construction is accounted for in the relatively low cost of products, improvement of the quality and durability of the structures. The main positive consequences of smartization of the metallurgical industry are increase of its resource efficiency and environmental friendliness, negative-the low level of blast furnace slag use in various sectors of the economy compared to the experience of developed countries, an insufficiently developed legal framework. The mechanism of state management of the use of secondary raw materials, especially metallurgical origin, in conditions of shortage of energy resources and the intensive use of non-renewable natural resources remains an important scientific problem and requires further research.
Treatments and Recycling of Metallurgical Slags
Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste [Working Title], 2018
Steelmaking plants continuously strive to reduce the environmental load in the steelmaking process, resulting in the recycling of energy, water, and other byproducts. In this chapter, techniques for the treatment and recycling of metallurgical slags are described. Metallurgical slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking practice. Steelmaking slag added into ladle slags makes it possible to minimize slag line wear. BOF-converter slags are also applied in buildup, foaming, or slag splashing practices carried out to prolong the lifespan of refractory lining. Also, EAF slags are commonly used to avoid refractory wear and decrease energy consumption. It is known that cement concrete is one of the most common building materials. Blast furnace crystallized slags are used in cement production, in different percentages. In this sense, understanding the properties of slags is a prerequisite to apply them in different functions. This chapter deals with the measurement and modeling of thermochemical properties of slags, thermophysical properties, and interproperty correlations. Different experimental tests applied in slag characterization are also detailed.
Utilization of Slags from Foundry Process
Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
The melting of steel or cast iron is one step of the foundry process. The foundry industry uses different types of furnaces, and metallurgical slags are products of the pyrometallurgical processes defecting in these furnaces. Furnace slag is a non-metallic by-product that consists primarily of silicates, alumina silicates, and calcium-alumina-silicates. As a by-product of the melting process, furnace slags vary considerably in form depending on the melted metal furnace types, and slag cooling method used. Most quantity of slags from the foundry processes are created in a cupola furnace that is used for cast iron production. An electric arc furnace is usually used for steel production, but it can be used for cast iron production as well. Universal use features an electric induction furnace. Slags from the melting processes in a foundry can be in the form of gravel, or the slag from a cupola furnace can be granulated. The utilization of slags from foundry processes is very delimited in Slovakia because of their quantity. This article deals with the possibility of using foundry slag as a binder in civil engineering. A basic property of a binder in civil engineering is its hydraulicity, which can be given by compression strength. Four metallurgical slags were tested. The values of the compressive strength of the slags were low, but addition cement to the slags resulted in a strong increase in the value of the compressive strength.
Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering, 2017
The problem of the disposal of metallurgical slags in the copper-nickel industry also remains open in the Kola Peninsula area, where this kind of exploitation and processing of sulphide Cu-Ni deposits is conducted. The urgent need is to reuse the waste slag heaps through the effective manner of their use based on our available technologies. The slag obtained after processing sulphide copper-nickel ores in the Kola Peninsula contains about 4 wt.% of the ore. The chemical and mineral composition of the slag plays a key role when considering the possibility of its re-use in the context of environmental nuisance. The line of processing Cu-Ni sulfide deposits from the slag proposed by the authors is based on the ability to change the slag phase composition by its oxidation and reduction processes for the enrichment of ore mineralization for reuse.