Non-interactive cryptocomputing for NC/sup 1/ (original) (raw)
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Journal of Cryptology, 1990
We present a simple protocol for two-player secure circuit evaluation. The protocol enables players C and D to cooperate in the computation off(x) while D conceals her data x from C and C conceals his circuit for f from D. The protocol is based on the technique of hiding information from an oracle [AFK].
Efficient Secure Computation with Garbled Circuits
Secure two-party computation enables applications in which participants compute the output of a function that depends on their private inputs, without revealing those inputs or relying on any trusted third party. In this paper, we show the potential of building privacy-preserving applications using garbled circuits, a generic technique that until recently was believed to be too inefficient to scale to realistic problems. We present a Java-based framework that uses pipelining and circuit-level optimizations to build efficient and scalable privacy-preserving applications. Although the standard garbled circuit protocol assumes a very week, honest-but-curious adversary, techniques are available for converting such protocols to resist stronger adversaries, including fully malicious adversaries. We summarize approaches to producing malicious-resistant secure computations that reduce the costs of transforming a protocol to be secure against stronger adversaries. In addition, we summarize results on ensuring fairness, the property that either both parties receive the result or neither party does. Several open problems remain, but as theory and pragmatism advance, secure computation is approaching the point where it offers practical solutions for a wide variety of important problems.
Secure Multiparty Computation via Oblivious Polynomial Evaluation
Theory and Practice of Cryptography Solutions for Secure Information Systems, 2013
The number of opportunities for cooperative computation has exponentially been increasing with growing interaction via Internet technologies. These computations could occur between almost trusted partners, between partially trusted partners, or even between competitors. Most of the time, the communicating parties may not want to disclose their private data to the other principal while taking the advantage of collaboration, hence concentrating on the results rather than private data values. For performing such computations, one party must know inputs from all the participants; however, if none of the parties can be trusted enough to know all the inputs, privacy will become a primary concern. Hence, the techniques for Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) are quite relevant and practical to overcome such kind of privacy gaps. The subject of SMC has evolved from earlier solutions of combinational logic circuits to the recent proposals of anonymity-enabled computation. In this chapter, the authors put together the significant research that has been carried out on SMC. They demonstrate the concept by concentrating on a specific technique called Oblivious Polynomial Evaluation (OPE) together with concrete examples. The authors put critical issues and challenges and the level of adaptation achieved before the researchers. They also provide some future research proposals based on the literature survey.
Two-party computing with encrypted data
2007
We consider a new model for online secure computation on encrypted inputs in the presence of malicious adversaries. The inputs are independent of the circuit computed in the sense that they can be contributed by separate third parties. The model attempts to emulate as closely as possible the model of "Computing with Encrypted Data" that was put forth in 1978 by Rivest, Adleman and Dertouzos which involved a single online message. In our model, two parties publish their public keys in an offline stage, after which any party (i.e., any of the two and any third party) can publish encryption of their local inputs. Then in an on-line stage, given any common input circuit C and its set of inputs from among the published encryptions, the first party sends a single message to the second party, who completes the computation.
Faster Secure Two-Party Computation Using Garbled Circuits
Secure two-party computation enables two parties to evaluate a function cooperatively without revealing to either party anything beyond the function's output. The garbled-circuit technique, a generic approach to secure two-party computation for semi-honest participants, was developed by Yao in the 1980s, but has been viewed as being of limited practical significance due to its inefficiency. We demonstrate several techniques for improving the running time and memory requirements of the garbled-circuit technique, resulting in an implementation of generic secure two-party computation that is significantly faster than any previously reported while also scaling to arbitrarily large circuits. We validate our approach by demonstrating secure computation of circuits with over 109 gates at a rate of roughly 10 microseconds per garbled gate, and showing order-of-magnitude improvements over the best previous privacy-preserving protocols for computing Hamming distance, Levenshtein distance, Smith-Waterman genome alignment, and AES.
An Efficient 2-Party Private Function Evaluation Protocol Based on Half Gates
The Computer Journal, 2018
Private function evaluation (PFE) is a special case of secure multi-party computation (MPC), where the function to be computed is known by only one party. PFE is useful in several real-life applications where an algorithm or a function itself needs to remain secret for reasons such as protecting intellectual property or security classification level. In this paper, we focus on improving 2-party PFE based on symmetric cryptographic primitives. In this respect, we look back at the seminal PFE framework presented by Mohassel and Sadeghian at Eurocrypt'13. We show how to adapt and utilize the well-known half gates garbling technique (Zahur et al., Eurocrypt'15) to their constant round 2-party PFE scheme. Compared to their scheme, our resulting optimization significantly improves the efficiency of both the underlying Oblivious Evaluation of Extended Permutation (OEP) and secure 2party computation (2PC) protocols, and yields a more than 40% reduction in overall communication cost (the computation time is also slightly decreased, and the number of rounds remains unchanged).
MISC: Multi-Input Secure Two-Party Computation
The ISC International Journal of Information Security, 2023
Secure multi-party computation (MPC) allows a group of parties to compute a function on their private inputs securely. Classic MPC protocols for two parties use Yao's garbled circuit (GC) or the Goldreich-Micali-Wigderson (GMW) protocol. In this paper, we propose MISC, a multi-input secure computation protocol, by combining GC and GMW in a novel way. MISC can evaluate multi-input AND gates, which can reduce the round complexity. Moreover, MISC reduces the communication overhead by 1.7× and 2.4× for 2-input and by 2× and 2.8× for 4-input AND gates compared to the state-of-the-art GMW-style and GC-style protocols, respectively. In order to use the MISC efficiently in different applications, we redesign common building blocks with multi-input AND gates such as Equality checking, Maxpool, Comparison, and Argmax/Argmin. Results on privacy-preserving applications, e.g., circuit-based private set intersection (PSI) and private machine learning (CNN inference), show that compared to GMW, MISC improves the total communication overhead by 3× and the total run time by 1.5×. https://www.isecure-journal.com/article\_170893.html
Improved Black-Box Constructions of Composable Secure Computation
2020
We close the gap between black-box and non-black-box constructions of composable secure multiparty computation in the plain model under the minimal assumption of semi-honest oblivious transfer. The notion of protocol composition we target is angel-based security, or more precisely, security with super-polynomial helpers. In this notion, both the simulator and the adversary are given access to an oracle called an angel that can perform some predefined super-polynomial time task. Angel-based security maintains the attractive properties of the universal composition framework while providing meaningful security guarantees in complex environments without having to trust anyone. Angel-based security can be achieved using non-black-box constructions in max(ROT, Õ(logn)) rounds where ROT is the round-complexity of the semi-honest oblivious transfer. However, currently, the best known black-box constructions under the same assumption require max(ROT, Õ(log 2 n)) rounds. If ROT is a constant,...
Garbled Circuits via Structured Encryption
The garbled circuit technique transforms a circuit in such a way that it can be evaluated on encrypted inputs. Garbled circuits were originally introduced by Yao (FOCS '86) for the purpose of secure two-party computation but have since found many applications. In this work, we consider the problem of designing special-purpose garbled circuits, which are garbled circuits that handle only a specific class of functionalities. Special-purpose constructions are usually smaller than general-purpose ones and lead to more efficient two-party protocols. We propose a design framework for constructing special-purpose garbled circuits based on structured encryption schemes, which are encryption schemes that encrypt data structures in such a way that they can be queried through the use of a token. Using our framework, we show how to design more efficient garbled circuits for several graph-based functionalities (with applications to online social network analysis), Boolean circuits, deterministic finite automata, and branching programs.