Migratory Movements in Europe (original) (raw)

Causes and Consequences of the Mass Migration of the late 19th Century

Although human migration is often considered as a popular phenomenon, it is only relatively recently that it is carried out over long distances. 19th century is regarded as a period in which Europe experienced the first wave of globalization. This 19th century uniqueness can be questioned1 however, the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon is supported by various evidences. An increased flow in information and a relative opening of borders as well as decrease in costs of movement, all of them initiated in the 19th century, initiated a wave of migration of a remarkable level. Between 1920 and 1920 around 60 million of Europeans emigrated to the New World and emigration within Europe reached a comparable scope 2According to Binh Pok3, mass migration can be defined as the movement of large numbers of people from one geographical area to another.

Two Centuries of International Migration

Handbook of the Economics of International Migration, 2015

Two Centuries of International Migration This is a draft chapter for B. R. Chiswick and P. W. Miller (eds.) Handbook on the Economics of International Migration. It provides an overview of trends and developments in international migration since the industrial revolution. We focus principally on long-distance migration to rich destination countries, the settler economies in the nineteenth century and later the OECD. The chapter describes the structure, direction and determinants of migration flows and the assimilation experience of migrants. It also examines the impact of migration on destination and source countries, and explores the political economy behind the evolution of immigration policy. We provide an historical context for current debates on immigration and immigration policy and we conclude by speculating on future trends.

Emigrants and Emigration in Historical Perspective

International migration from poorer to richer states gives emigrants resources that they can use to exercise leverage over home states, but also leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination in host states, conditions that activate interventions by emigration states seeking to influence and protect nationals abroad. This paper traces the changing patterns of interaction between emigrants and emigration states over the past century and a half. Many of the underlying incentives for emigration state intervention have remained stable, yielding similar state responses over this entire period. By contrast, political changes in emigration states have altered the motivations of emigrants seeking to engage with the states and people left behind. Moreover, interactions between emigrants and emigration states are increasingly affected by international organizations and diffusion processes which, while present in earlier periods, lacked the influence exercised today.

Return Migration: the Motivations and Effects as Described in Texts Three foundational works in immigration history, Round-Trip to America: The

and Dirk Hoerder, all contain valuable insight regarding return migration. In short, many immigrants migrated to other nations not to settle, but to accumulate wealth in order to maintain or improve their social standing within their home nations. In a world that was quickly industrializing, and where global connections were being made rapidly, many common workers struggled to keep pace with competition from larger businesses boasting less expensive goods. The incentives for people to migrate, as well as some of the effects experienced by all participant nations, are covered extensively within the texts. Within these three texts, conclusions regarding the motivations and effects of return migration are quite similar, but it is important to note the differences between these conclusions to gain a well-rounded perspective. This paper will seek to compare the approach to the return migration phenomenon taken by each text, specifically regarding inferences made about driving forces, consequences, and benefits. From 1880-1930, it is estimated that one-quarter to one-third of European immigrants did not permanently settle abroad, and instead chose to return to donor nations (Wyman, 6). For some of these immigrants, the purpose of immigration was never to stay within host nations. The most important cog in this machine was the information and experiences brought home with the

Causes of Contemporary Migrations

Journal of Eastern Europe Research in Business and Economics, 2021

Migrations, permanently inscribed in the history of human development, have been and are determined by a number of factors. This paper, the aim of which is to demonstrate the current causes of migrations, sets out to settle the formulated research questions concerning the main contemporary factors of movement of people and to point to conditions which may affect these processes occurring in the future.

A Comparative History of Transnational Migrations

This seminar provides an overview over the major scholarly trends in the burgeoning field of migration history since the emergence of the Chicago School of Sociology in the 1920s. It then proceeds to test different theoretical and methodological approaches on the basis of comparative case studies, focusing on long-distance migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly in the Atlantic world and, to a lesser, extent, in Asia. Students will thus learn about the history of some of the best-known countries of mass immigration, such as the United States and Argentina, but also familiarize themselves with examples of other types of migration in other world regions, such as indentured laborers in South(east) Asia and the Caribbean. The ultimate aim is twofold: First, debate the extent to which migration in the period that we study should be analyzed as a single phenomenon at all; second, learn about the reasons for and the long-term consequences of migration for our contemporary world.

Tides of Migration, Currents of History: The State, Economy, and the Transatlantic Movement of Labor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

International Review of Social History, 1999

International migration has flowed and ebbed in two long waves over the last two hundred years. The major determinants of international migration have been the economy and the state. The economic forces impinging on migration are demography, technology, the level of wages, and geographical proximity, transportation, and communications. The state is the confluence of social and political forces within countries which define, encourage or curtail, and regulate movement across borders. The lesson of the nineteenth-century migration system is that states created it or allowed it to happen. They also always had the power to end it, and they eventually did. The huge break in the history of migration which accompanied the era of the world wars points to the decisive power of the state to control migration and, by extension, the direction of economic development itself. The present article reviews the major phases of the history of modern migration in order to put the present crossroads in ...

Atlas of Migration - Facts and figures about people on the move

Rosa-Luxemburg Foundation, 2019

Migration: a contested human right Migration is not a social outlier. Every modern society and every state in the world is also a result of human mobility. The migration issue nevertheless sparks heated political debates around the globe, while opinion formation among citizens, politicians, political parties, and movements often occurs along the axes of the migration question and policies of dealing with it. The myths and images that have emerged around the social phenomenon of migration are correspondingly powerful. Among the best-known linguistic and visual representations of migration are those of streams, waves, and floods. They make migration appear threatening and render the actual migrants invisible. The Atlas of Migration seeks to change perspectives on migration and its actors, initiate a political shift, and contribute to a more objective debate within left-wing European parties and movements. Here opinions range from the open-borders paradigm to negative attitudes towards migrants, often based on the assumption that they compete with the particularly vulnerable in European societies. The figures and facts collected show that, although migration takes place in all parts of the world, it poses no threat to the social fabric of the countries of neither destination nor origin. Migration is a threat, however, for the migrants themselves—especially for fugitives and undocumented migrants. This is made clear by the chapters on border deaths and deadly border controls. Everyday racism and racist terror, but also institutional and political xenophobia, make travel more difficult for migrants and refugees, threatening their participation or even their lives in the countries of destination—and thus their human right to migration. Migrants nevertheless take their fate into their own hands. This is demonstrated by the chapters on migration struggles—against racism and for the rights of immigrants and refugees. Together with non-migrants, countless solidarity movements against deportations, xenophobia, and right-wing populism as well as for the right to social participation, decent work, adequate housing, education, and health care have emerged in Europe and the world. They contribute to making the society of the many a reality. Migration has many realities and facets. This atlas promotes a differentiated approach to migration. In the current social climate, it takes courage to address this issue calmly and to recognize that immigration pluralizes our societies in the democratic sense.