Influenza della temperatura di pirolisi e del tempo di residenza sulle proprietà fisico-chimiche del biochar prodotto da pollina (original) (raw)
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Poultry manure (PM) chars were obtained at different temperatures and charring times. Chemical−physical characterization of the different PM chars was conducted by cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. CPMAS 13C NMR spectra showed that the chemical composition of PM char is dependent on production temperature rather than on production duration. Aromatic and alkyl domains in the PM chars obtained at the lowest temperatures remained unchanged at all heating times applied for their production. The PM char obtained at the highest temperature consisted only of aromatic structures having chemical nature that also appeared invariant with heating time. Thermogravimetry revealed differences in the thermo-oxidative stability of the aromatic domains in the different PM chars. The PM char produced at the highest temperature appeared less stable than those produced at the lowest temperatures. This difference was explained by a protective effect of the alkyl groups, which are still present in chars formed at lower temperature. The analysis of the chemical and physicochemical character of poultry manure chars produced at different temperatures can increase understanding of the role of these materials in the properties and behavior of char-amended soils.
2019
The amounts of livestock manure produced in Malta surpasses the application rate as stipulated by the Nitrates Directive with the consequence of having an accumulation on farms. In such cases, manure becomes a liability instead of a benefit, incurring significant risk in creating environmental pollution. Pyrolysis of manure is an interesting alternative to land application, as it has the ability to render organic nitrogen into inert nitrogen gas and reduces manure biomass volumes. This technology utilises high temperature, thereby destroying any potential pathogens that may be present in the manure, has the potential of extracting useful energy and generates potentially high value products, e.g. biochar. The functions and application of biochar when used as a soil amendment to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties depend on its structural and physicochemical properties. Such understanding is crucial for its sustainable use and application. Manure feedstock origin...
Structural and Functional Features of Chars From Different Biomasses as Potential Plant Amendments
Frontiers in Plant Science
Biochars result from the pyrolysis of biomass waste of plant and animal origin. The interest in these materials stems from their potential for improving soil quality due to increased microporosity, carbon pool, water retention, and their active capacity for metal adsorption from soil and irrigation water. Applications in agriculture have been studied under different conditions, but the overall results are still unclear. Char structure, which varies widely according to the pyrolysis process and the nature of feedstock, is thought to be a major factor in the interaction of chars with soil and their metal ion adsorption/chelation properties. Furthermore, biochar nutrients and their elemental content can modify soil fertility. Therefore, the use of biochars in agricultural settings should be examined carefully by conducting experimental trials. Three key problems encountered in the use of biochar involve (i) optimizing pyrolysis for biomass conversion into energy and biochar, (ii) physicochemically characterizing biochar, and (iii) identifying the best possible conditions for biochar use in soil improvement. To investigate these issues, two types of wood pellets, plus digestate and poultry litter, were separately converted into biochar using different technologies: pyrolysis/pyrogasification or catalytic (thermo)reforming. The following physicochemical features for the different biochar batches were measured: pH, conductivity, bulk density, humidity and ash content, particle size, total organic substances, and trace element concentrations. Fine porous structure analysis and total elemental analysis were performed using environmental scanning electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Phytotoxicity tests were performed for each biochar. Finally, we were able to (i) differentiate the biochars according to their physicochemical properties, microstructure, elemental contents, and original raw biomass; (ii) correlate the whole biochar features with their respective optimal concentrations when used as plant fertilizers or soil improvers; and (iii) show that biochars from animal origin were phytotoxic at lower concentrations than those from plant feedstock.
Early Study of Biocharcoal Quality from Poultry Livestock Waste
Journal of Sustainable Technology and Applied Science (JSTAS), 2020
Bio charcoal is one type of fuel in the form of charcoal made from various kinds of biological or biomass material, which includes agricultural waste, forestry waste, agro-industrial waste, animal waste from livestock waste. Bio charcoal is produced from the carbonization process or the charcoal process of materials containing carbon (biomass). One of the biomass that has the potential to be used as raw material for bio charcoal is poultry manure originating from poultry livestock waste. The composition of poultry livestock waste (chicken manure) is crude protein by 9.97-12.67% and crude fiber by 30.36-32.65. This study aims to determine the optimal carbonization temperature and particle size in the carbonization process so that optimal Fixed Carbon level can be obtained by using variations in the size of Chicken Manure Particles, namely: 30 mesh, 40 mesh, 50 mesh, and Charcoal temperature: 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300° C. Stages of the process carried out is drying chicken manure to ...
Water, 2019
Raw poultry manure (RPM) and its derived biochars at temperatures of 400 (B400) and 600 °C (B600) were physico-chemically characterized, and their ability to release nutrients was assessed under static conditions. The experimental results showed that RPM pyrolysis operation significantly affects its morphology, surface charges, and area, as well as its functional groups contents, which in turn influences its nutrient release ability. The batch experiments indicated that nutrient release from the RPM as well as biochars attains a pseudo-equilibrium state after a contact time of about 48 h. RPM pyrolysis increased phosphorus stability in residual biochars and, in contrast, transformed potassium to a more leachable form. For instance, at this contact time, P- and K-released amounts passed from 5.1 and 25.6 mg g−1 for RPM to only 3.8 and more than 43.3 mg g−1 for B400, respectively. On the other hand, six successive leaching batch experiments with a duration of 48 h each showed that P a...
IJEMS (Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability), 2022
The aim of this study is to elucidate some of the basic characteristics of manure and its biochar and to explore its potential as a solid fuel and soil amendment. Cow, pig, chicken, and duck manure were selected and collected in the farmer's pen. Furthermore, composite sampling was applied to obtain a representative sample of each manure. Each of them was dried in the sun for four to seven days, and each sample was divided into two parts. The first part was not further processed, while the rest were carbonized. Carbonization was carried out within a temperature range of 300 to 400 • C and 4 h residence time. C-organic, N-total, available P and K, CEC, volatile matters, fixed carbon, ash content, Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S) content), higher heating value, and the chemical composition of their ash in both original and carbonized manure were identified. In addition, the nutritional content was relatively comparable and the H/C and O/C ratio in biochar were lower than in its original state. Both the original and carbonized manure indicated low calorific value, while the ash content and fouling index were high. The results showed that livestock manure in both forms has more potential as a soil amendment than solid fuel.
Geoderma, 2008
Annual application of cattle manure to a farmer's field in eastern Nebraska for 5 yr caused improved soil N and P supply and increased corn (Zea mays L.) yield in less productive portions of the field compared to another field treatment receiving the same amount of N as inorganic fertilizer. As a first step toward identifying the soil processes that led to these changes, the effects of manure addition on the chemical nature of soil organic matter were investigated by extracting two humic fractions-mobile humic acid (MHA) and calcium humate (CaHA)-from the field soil for subsequent analysis by solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Functional groups were selectively identified and quantified through NMR techniques that included quantitative direct polarization, cross polarization/total suppression of sidebands, 1 H-13 C heteronuclear correlation NMR, 13 C chemical shift anisotropy filtering, CH-signal selection, and other spectral-editing techniques. The CaHAs exhibited high aromaticity and line shapes typical of Mollisols rich in oxidized charcoal, while the MHAs had lower aromaticity and greater contributions from lignin aromatic ethers. Results show that the chemical nature of each humic fraction did not differ significantly between an unfertilized control and the treatment receiving N as inorganic fertilizer. The FT-IR results were consistent with all these findings. The NMR results further showed that the CaHA fraction from the manure treatment was clearly depleted in aromatic rings and enriched in nonpolar alkyl compounds, most likely fatty acids, compared to the other two fertilizer treatments. Selective spectra further show strong indications of enhanced peptide contributions in the manure CaHA, consistent with the improved soil N supply associated with the manure treatment. The peptide enrichment was partially masked in unselective spectra by a simultaneous decrease in overlapping signals for OCH 3 and COO groups that are associated with aromatic components, demonstrating the improved accuracy of the selective spectral-editing NMR techniques.