Advances in larval rearing protocols of sole, Solea senegalensis (original) (raw)
Related papers
Aquaculture, 2005
Senegal sole aquaculture is at present limited due to poor reproduction of captive breeders in many facilities. Temperature seems to play an important role in controlling reproduction of Solea senegalensis, and differences in temperature regimes followed by various hatcheries are likely to be responsible for lack of success in some of them. This work describes the reproduction of captive soles, held in facilities that used water at ambient temperature, from a marshy environment where this species naturally breeds. Acclimated sole breeders were kept for two consecutive years. The main spawning period occurred from February to May, with a secondary spawning in autumn. Total yearly fecundity ranged from 1.15Â10 6 to 1.65Â10 6 eggs kg À1 body weight. Of the total egg batches produced, only 5.4% corresponded to autumn spawns. The male population was found to produce sperm all year round, with a maximum proportion of 100% occurring in spring, and a minimum proportion of around 50% in summer. Females showed the more developed ovary stages from October to May, with partial regression in the summer months. During the main spawning period, eggs were produced between 46% and 69% of days. Spawning took place at temperatures from 13 to 23 8C, although higher fecundities (Pb0.05) occurred between 15 and 21 8C. Within the range between 17 and 20 8C, the mean number of spawned eggs was 29,600F21,600 eggs day À1 kg À1. Most of the eggs (65-73%) were produced after temperature increased up to 2.5 8C within 3 days prior to spawning. Mean egg fertilization was 63.1F17% (year 2002) and 44.9F18% (year 2003), and hatching rates varied from 69.7F24% (2002) to 56.5 F25% (2003). Weak correlations were found between either fertilization or hatching and fecundity, whereas a positive regression (Pb0.05) indicated that higher hatching rates were achieved when fertilization increased. A weak, but significantly (Pb0.05) positive correlation was found between egg fertilization and the spawning temperature. Present results indicate temperature is an important control factor for reproduction of S. senegalensis, and suggest it can be used to properly manage controlled captive reproduction of this species.
Intensive rearing system for fish larvae research
Aquacultural Engineering, 2004
Larvae nutrition and in general larvae culture is considered to be the 'bottle neck' for marine finfish culture. Fish larvae rearing experiments investigating nutritional factors or rearing protocols are carried out in various systems, from small beakers to very large commercial tanks, making it difficult to compare data across systems.
Aquaculture Reports, 2020
The high nutritional quality of common sole Solea solea increases its value for the fishery industry and for the aquaculture sector. To ensure the expansion of its production, it is necessary to implement farming and broodstock management technique to produce high quality eggs and larvae. This work summarizes eight years of study on reproductive performances, growth and parental contribution of a common sole broodstock from the Mediterranean-North Adriatic Sea. The broodstock (11 females and 13 males) reached the peak of fecundity after 5/6 years of captivity, with a production of 296,476 and 376,541 × 10 3 of total eggs kg − 1 female with a fertilization rate of 31.6 ± 18.3 and 41.9 ± 23.8 %, respectively. Results shows that variations in temperature cycles are pivotal for a successful breeding season, and body condition during the first 3 years of captivity was the most important parameter positively correlated to parental contribution for both males and females. Parental contribution was assessed by eight species-specific microsatellite loci during the first 3 years of reproduction. Although the two sexes displayed different temporal trends, parentage assessment demonstrated an overall increase in the number of active breeders. However, only 13 couples out of 50 produced the 70.4 % of the larvae in year 5, confirming the same reproduction behavioural pattern in Mediterranean common sole than that observed both in Senegalese sole and in common sole of Atlantic origin. This work provides valuable data needed to understand the mechanisms behind the maturation characteristics of this species and support future strategy for the establishment and management of Mediterranean common sole aquaculture.
Progress in Controlled Maturation and Spawning of Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus Broodstock
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 1998
Abstract— Wild-caught, adult summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (avg. wt. = 740 g; range = 264–1,540 g; N= 60), collected in northeastern US coastal waters during October 1994, were transported to Vero Beach, Florida in March 1995 and held in 2.6-m3 indoor tanks through November 1995 under two artificial photothermal regimes: (1) natural regime, simulating natural habitat conditions; and (2) accelerated thermal regime, with seasonal temperature changes advanced by one month. A third group of fish was held in outdoor tanks under ambient photothermal conditions. Under all photothermal conditions, onset of vitellogenesis was associated with declining daylength and temperature, beginning in the accelerated group, then progressing to the natural and the ambient groups. From 20 September to 28 November 1995, 23 vitellogenic stage females from the accelerated and natural regimes were implanted with a cholesterol-cellulose pellet containing LHRH-a (100 μg/kg body wt). Females with initial mean oocyte diameters ranging from 258–456 μm spawned voluntarily 2.5–5.5 d postimplantation, while no maturational response was obtained from females with mean diameters ranging from 165–231 μm. Two females were spawned twice during the study period by LHRH-a pellet implantation. Infrequent, natural spawning without hormone intervention was also obtained. Females released from 22.7–396.9 × 103 eggs on the first day of spawning, with fertilization and hatching rates of 0–93.470 and 0–81.1%, respectively.
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2011
In this work, the wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata) spawning under a natural thermocycle has been studied. The spawning parameters were similar to those of other flatfish in captivity, the relative fecundity being very high (1.7 ± 0.1 9 10 6 eggs kg female -1 per spawning season). The percentage of floating eggs decreased with time and was directly related to egg diameter, daily relative fecundity and fertilization rate. Nevertheless, the hatching rate variations were not correlated to any other spawning parameter. The temperature range during the spawning season was very wide (11-21°C) though the largest spawns occurred between 12 and 16°C. The natural temperature cycle influenced wedge sole egg production, the winter temperature minimum indicating the onset of spawning, but the variations in the reproductive season did not appear to affect the daily egg production. Future research should focus on the photoperiod and its interaction with temperature as key factor for spawning.
Aquaculture International, 2008
The wedge sole is a target species in the fisheries of the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). Having reared them to commercial size, we have studied reproduction and breeding in captivity of the wedge sole in this work here. The breeders adapt easily to captivity, and they can spawn in less than 1 year in captivity. The relative fecundity is relatively high, 1.06-2.33 Á 10 6 eggs kg À1 per spawning season (mean 1.6 ± 0.1). Larval SGR is high, 7.2 ± 0.2% day À1 (range 5.8-9.1), similar to other cultured flatfish species. In 1 year, some individuals reach market size and can release eggs, registering SGRs of 1.39-1.66% day À1 (mean 1.56 ± 0.01). This species presents some very different characteristics with respect to other farmed flatfishes (turbot, halibut and Senegal sole, mainly), so that it is necessary to develop new techniques to optimise its cultivation. In the present work, the first results are presented on the biology of the wedge sole in captivity.
Aquaculture, 2018
Black flounder (Paralichthys orbignyanus) is an important commercial and recreational species inhabiting marine and estuarine waters from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) to San Matías Gulf (Argentina) from 1 to 30 m depth, with a great potential for aquaculture in coastal or internal brackish waters. It is an estuarine-dependent species whose adults reproduce in marine water during the spring and summer. Since 2003, the reproduction of flounder broodstock in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) subject to a photothermal period and constant salinity of 34 psu has been carried out at the National Institute for Fisheries Research and Development (INIDEP). Final maturation of broodfish was regularly achieved through the use of a photoperiod and water temperature regimen simulating natural seasonal changes over a 10-month period, reaching 19-20°C and 16 h L:8 h D by February. These spawning events were unstable and unpredictable, with wide variations in quality and quantity of eggs. Control of the reproductive cycle and development of cultured broodstocks are basic requirements for a successful aquaculture industry. In order to acquire a more precise control of egg production, the effect of salinity variation upon the quantity and quality of spawning eggs of the flounder broodstock in a RAS during three reproductive seasons was evaluated. For that purpose, salinity was changed according to photoperiod and temperature variations along the year as: a) fall-winter, 16-12°C, salinity 25-15 psu, natural photoperiod at low light intensity (10 lx), and b) spring-summer, 16-19°C, salinity 15-34 psu, artificial photoperiod and mean light intensity (200 lx). The result of the present study indicated that the combination of photothermal and salinity regimes effectively extended reproductive activity in the broodstock tank and increased both the number of spawning events and the amount of eggs in relation to previous years. 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 reproductive seasons lasted for > 150 days, reporting a total of 52 and 53 spawning events and reaching 14,289,661 and 17,593,888 eggs released, of which 37.8% and 32.5% were viable eggs, respectively. The 2017-2018 reproductive season lasted 106 days with 55 spawning events and 27,548,896 eggs released (61.0% viable eggs), reaching the greatest number of total eggs obtained in any season at INIDEP since 2003.
Broodstock management and spawning of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma
Aquaculture, 1999
Ž. Ž. Collaborative studies are underway in South Carolina SC and North Carolina NC to control reproduction of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Although cultured broodstock are being developed, work to date has been with wild caught adults held in captivity for at least 1 year. Shortly after capture, wild adults should be treated to control diseases and parasites, especially Amyloodinium sp. and fish lice, Argulus sp. Induced spawning using only photothermal control has not occurred, but GnRHa implants have been successfully used to induce ovulation and allow strip-spawning. In addition, during 1997, photothermal conditioning coupled with 100 mg GnRHa implants resulted in successful tank-spawning. During a 99-day period, eggs were collected on 64 days and lowering temperature was shown to inhibit spawning. On days that Ž. spawning occurred, mean number of eggs collected was 277,844 "177,714 and mean fertility Ž. was 32.8% "25.2%. Total number of eggs collected was 17,782,000. Females used in the study were G 5 years old while the males were G 3 years old. Fish had been in captivity for G 1.5 years. The spawning success achieved using the combination of photothermal conditioning and GnRHa implants resulted in less stress to the fish, higher egg production and an extended spawning period. Use of photothermal conditioning coupled with tank-spawning techniques should allow year-round spawning of southern flounder. This should facilitate more rapid development of a culture technology for this species.
Controlled Breeding and Larval Rearing Techniques of Marine Ornamental Fishes
Asian Fisheries Science, 2009
International trade of marine ornamental fishes has been expanding rapidly in recent years, and the fact that nearly 98% of the species traded are collected from reef habitats is of vital concern for the conservation of the fragile coral reef ecosystem. Hence, it is widely accepted that the ultimate answer to a long-term sustainable trade of marine ornamental fishes is only through the development of hatchery production technologies. The techniques for broodstock development, breeding and seed production of three species of damsel fishes viz. the three spot damsel, Dascyllus trimaculatus, the humbug damsel, Dascyllus aruanus and the blue damsel, Pomacentrus caeruleus, were developed and standardised, which can be scaled up for commercial level production. Broodstock development was done in one-tonne Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks with biological filter and by feeding with natural feeds. The size range of broodstock fish of D. trimaculatus, D. aruanus and P. caeruleus were 9-10, 7-8 and 7-9 cm, respectively. The number of eggs per spawning ranged from 5000 to 15000. The interval between two successive spawnings ranged from 3 to 14 days. The eggs were attached either on the sides of the broodstock tank or on the substratum provided in the broodstock tank. Parental care by the male was noted. Hatching occurred on the evening of the fourth day of incubation. The larvae were altricial type with no mouth opening at the time of hatching for D. trimaculatus and D. aruanus. The larvae of P. caeruleus were with mouth opening at the time of hatching. The length range of newly hatched larvae was 1.5-2.5 mm and the range of mouth opening was 150-200 µ. Larviculture was done in five-tonne capacity FRP tank by employing greenwater technique. Copepod nauplii were used as the starter feed and after about two weeks when the mouth opening of the larvae had reached around 450 µ, newly hatched Artemia nauplii were supplemented. The metamorphosis period ranged from 20 to 40 days. Several batches of the three species were hatchery produced, and the technique can be scaled up for commercial level production for ornamental fish trade.
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 2016
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of sex ratio and stocking density on the induced spawning and reproductive performance of the Egyptian sole (Solea aegyptiaca) broodstock. Broodstock spawners were intermuscularly injected with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (HCG) below the dorsal fine base; the dose was 7000 IU/Kg body weight of fish. In this study, three different broodstock sex ratios: 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 (male ♂: female ♀) were tested. The highest fertilized eggs/ treatment and larvae/ treatment were observed in sex ratio (1♂:2♀). While, the highest fertilized eggs/ female, fertilized eggs/ g female, hatching rate and number of spawning were observed in sex ratio (2♂:1♀). Under the conditions tested in this study, larvae production of S. aegyptiaca was affected by different broodstock sex ratios and improved at a sex ratio (1♂:2♀). Also, four different broodstock stocking densities: 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 Kg/m 3 were tested. The highest fertilized eggs/ treatment, fertilized eggs/ g female and larvae/ treatment were observed in stocking density 0.75 Kg/m 3 followed the other stocking densities. The lowest fertilized eggs/ female and/ g female were observed in stocking density 1.25 Kg/m 3. Under the conditions tested in this study, larvae production of S. aegyptiaca was affected by different broodstock stocking densities and the best stocking density was 0.75 Kg/m 3. Also, results demonstrated superiority of artificial spawning compared to natural one. From the results of this study, it is recommended to use artificial spawning in S. aegyptiaca with sex ratio (1♂:2♀) and stocking density (0.75 Kg/m 3).