SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIOSYSTEMATICS, ECONOMIC BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. Department of Botany, University of Kalyani Kalyani 741 235, West Bengal , India. 2012 (original) (raw)
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification in Fourth Iteration: Its Future Impact in India
National Academy Science Letters, 2018
The communication discusses major changes in the new version of APG classification and its adoption in India. APG IV has further stabilized with addition of 2 informal groups, 5 new orders, 10 new families, re-circumscription of 20 earlier families and reduction in number of unplaced taxa. A comparison of APG versions with 4 recent individual classifications proves it more stable. A circle-in-circle diagram and a simplified cladogram of the classification are devised to make it easy to understand. Adoption of APG IV is visible in the world but Indian taxonomic institutions are sceptical for its changing nature. In a country where Linnaean Taxonomy is dominant, species richness is high, flora is incompletely explored and published, adoption of APG classification in flora or herbaria will jeopardize the progress. It seems that morphological taxonomy will remain dominant and APG IV will be mainly a topic of classroom teaching in India.
Botanical classification and nomenclature - an introduction
2020
Biology is the science that explores the living world around us. To communicate the wonders of nature, names are needed to describe the variety of forms we encounter. This wildly diverse nature may be represented through a hierarchical structure where names are used to indicate groups of organisms at different levels. The classification and naming of organisms is an essential tool for scientific communication. It forms the foundation upon which biological research is based and the discipline is called "<strong>Taxonomy</strong>". Taxonomists explore, describe, name, and classify all living organisms on Earth. Correctly classifying and naming organisms is crucial to a wide range of biological research fields. Such a framework is also essential to address the topics of sustainable usage and biodiversity management and conservation, including their legal context. This booklet provides an overview of the most important elements and processes of the classification a...
Thinking in the Future of Plant Taxonomy
International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review
This review is a trial to summarize the history of plant taxonomy to understand the situation of the taxonomical works and their progression. Taxonomy starts as an artificial classification and gradually with the increase of knowledge, civilization and facilities, plant taxonomy developed. Here, the most affected steps in the progression of plant taxonomy have been mentioned. Starting from the oldest period of using vegetative, floral and anatomical characters to the most recent works on palynology, chemotaxonomy and molecular biological data. Thinking of the modern plant taxonomy has been mentioned in response to the environmental changes and peoples thinking. Experimental biology and breeding experiments must be done to understand the way of speciation and to protect the wild species from extinction. Taxonomy must be cooperating with ecology for better understanding of the changing in the taxonomic characters and to precise identifications. Taxonomists have to survey the vegetatio...
REVIEW OF SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUES FOR TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF PLANTS
A plant is a complex of integrated systems (leaves, leaf groups, stems, roots, inflorescences), coexisting side by side or superimposed on each other to produce the life form (or physiognomy) of the individual. The classic Raunkiaer classification based fundamentally on one character (apex position) is insufficient for the purpose of a functional classification. the plant silhouette or general shaperesulting from a combination of other systems, with 11 categories proposed. the leaf group, with 14 categories. the stem, with 27 categories. the root, with 5 categories and the inflorescence, with 3 categories. Each plant can be named according to the category or model of each of the five different systems that they most resemble, or by using only the name(s) of systems which are more conspicuous than others. Characters are selected primarily for their influence on form and secondarily on size. This scheme allows for detailed studies of a flora in terms of morphological characteristics (alone or in systems), expressed as frequency of occurrence of each character in the flora. Characters can be analysed separately. as a combination of characters (e.g. leaf groups) or as a combination of systems (e.g. rosettes without stems). Thus correlations between environmental variables and plants can be made with more precision than in previous classification schemes. The classification also serves as the framework for including additional morphological data and incorporating new models.
Plant taxonomy learning and research: A systematics review
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019
Concepts of plant identification and classification were important basic knowledge to be mastered by biology students. The research was aimed to find out what concepts and methods of learning plant taxonomy, and find out the objects and methods in plant taxonomy research. Seventeen articles published from 2005-2019 were selected as the review materials. Nine articles were about learning the plant taxonomy, and eight articles were about research on plant taxonomy. The articles were obtained from Journal of Biological Education and Science Direct. The results showed the common concepts learned about plant identification and classification. The prominent plant groups used in the learning were: the Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm with the example of the native species and focal species. The learning methods and approaches were varied, including: using real plant specimens, dichotomous key method, word association exercise based on mnemonics approach, or pictorial card games for identification native plants. Others use an electronic multi-access key, iOS app on the iPod for plant identification guide, interactive multimedia dichotomous key for plant identification, labeled drawing and descriptive writing of native plant identification. Various aspects used as the object of the research on plants taxonomy, one of them was the leaves. Various methods used in the research on plant taxonomy, such as: FRT, LDC Linear, kNN, SIFT, Color moments, SFTA, ANNs, Deep learning techniques, hierarchical approach -NFC, and AIT.
Cebu Normal University, 2019
Kingdom plantae serves a variety of functions in the natural world, including recycling of nutrients, in the food chain, and provides oxygen to other organisms. On top of that, most of the world’s ecosystems have plant diversity. In tropical countries like the Philippines, this diversity is higher compared to other regions. It’s often not easy to find the name of a particular plant by just looking in a reference book, viewing photographs or reading a description. But when you see the actual specimen and use a magnifying glass or microscope to check the plant’s size or observe its characteristics you will then be able to make an identification. Humans have different faces and other physically distinguishing characteristics. Plants of the same species also differ in characteristics depending on the habitat and the individual plant. By looking at archived specimens in a herbarium, we can see the morphological variances without having to visit the habitat where the plant was collected. If a plant specimen is correctly collected and stored, a DNA sample can be extracted and analyzed to determine the plant’s genealogy and derivation. All specimens made properly by anyone for any purpose have an academic value.
The problems of synonymy, incorrect species author citation/abbreviation and spelling errors are hampering botanical research around the globe. This article was aimed to quantify the intensity and errors encountered in this regard in published botanical articles pertaining to the Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. To address this issue, 100 articles published in 1999-2015 were reviewed. A total of 5460 entries were processed carefully and 1350 species binomials (excluding repititions) were extracted that were linked with 1333 accepted binomials according to theplantlist.org. Out of these accepted species binomials, 1109 were communicated correctly, whereas the remaining 224 binomials were conveyed in the form of 241 synonyms. Average synonyms to accepted binomials ratio for the said timespan was calculated quite high as 13.99%. By taking these conveyed synonyms as our sub sample, we further detected 712 errors related to orthography, author citations and abbreviations. A strong positive and significant Pearson correlation was observed amongst the number of articles published, total numbers of species binomials communicated and the number of synonyms conveyed. These taxonomic errors and nomenclatural issues in botanical articles are causing ambiguity and confusions, thus reducing the reliability and reproducibility of botanical researches. Our results prove modest basic taxonomic skills of authors, dwindling taxonomic understanding and non-updating of regional floras on a periodic basis as primary reasons. We briefly discuss this global issue and its consequences and also document numerous suggestions to mitigate the impacts.