Analytical investigation of the observed damage in an RC building after March 08, 2010 Kovancilar-Turkey earthquake (original) (raw)
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2002
The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey produced a majorsurface rupture. We traced this surface rupture from Gölcük toDüzce and located it accurately by using GPS. The closest distancefrom the surface rupture to the strong motion observation sites weredetermined. Then the attenuation characteristics of the observed peakground acceleration were compared with the attenuation relation given byFukushima and Tanaka (1992), which is suitable for the near-fault zone inJapan and gives results that closely match data recorded during the 1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in Japan. Although this attenuation relationwas developed for Japan, we found that it agreed well with the KOCAELIearthquake. Furthermore, the observed spectral acceleration of 5%damping was compared with the building design code of Turkey and theobserved level was lower than the code.
Earthquake Magnitude, Ground Motion and Structural Safety
Seismic events are most uncertain events that we have to consider for the safety of structures, ultimately the safety of people and loss of probable damage. Shaking during the earthquake is a terrible moment that strikes the people for a long time of post disaster era as traumatic effect. Prediction of the earthquake is not yet a successful story among the scientific community but early warning to the people of far distant is in practice since 90s. Earthquake early warning system works when the epicenter is more or less about 30 km, in case of centralized system where dense network of seismometers are set in the field near by the epicenter. Mechanism of early warning system based on the difference of speed of two body waves those propagate from the focus or hypocenter. P-wave is the primary wave to travel faster than the secondary S-wave which is more destructive. In early warning system, P wave will be detected by the seismometers near by the epicenter and then processed to disseminate the information. Time available to act before the major shaking depends on the epicentral distance and processing time of the system. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Mw7.8 which struck on 25 th April and following major aftershock on 12 th May claimed nearly 9,000 lives where more than 600,000 structures salvaged within few seconds. Several heritage structures got grounded in Kathmandu valley, Gorkha, and Nuwakot. Liquefaction in few areas inside Kathmandu valley and other location showed the potential disaster. The long period dominated ground motion of the Gorkha earthquake was a major relief to the short natural period structures of lower height that limits the casualties and losses in a lower level (Parajuli & Kiyono, 2015) (Sharma, Subedi, Parajuli, & Pokharel, 2017). Most of the structures those perished during the earthquakes are non-engineered buildings whereas some of the engineered buildings also had suffered from heavy damage. Despite the several damages in numbers of structures, casualties are lower in comparison with other large earthquake events. Kobe earthquake in 1995 in Japan destroyed about 150,000 buildings and claimed around 6434 lives. Haiti earthquake 2010 that commonly taken as an reference even during the reconstruction process claimed more than 220,000 lives but the numbers of structures collapsed were just around 280,000. Event time and culture of local community has the major role to have such scenario in Nepal, where ratio of number of structures collapsed to casualties is much higher than other countries.
Analysis of Accelerations from the 1 October 1995 Dinar, Turkey, Earthquake
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2001
The Dinar earthquake, 1 October 1995, occurred in southwestern Turkey and had a moment magnitude of 6.4 and a normal faulting mechanism. The earthquake caused 90 deaths, over 200 injuries, and a large amount of damage. It was recorded by seven strong-motion accelerographs. The strong-motion accelerograph at Dinar is on the edge of the surface projection of the fault. The record from Dinar is possibly unique in its proximity to the causative fault for this type of mechanism. The Dinar strong-motion station is in a small, stiff building on soft sediments with a shallow water table. The peak acceleration was 0.32g on the horizontal component perpendicular to the fault trace.
The Impact of Griva Earthquakes on Structures Damage
2018
Earthquakes that occurred in Griva, northern part of Greece, within the period from 21.12 to 26.12.1990 were intensively felt in the towns of Gevgelija, Valandovo and Dojran, causing significant damage on various building structures. The earthquake with magnitude M=5.5, as well as some aftershocks were recorded on three instruments type SMA-1, located at Capacitors factory in Gevgelija, Hotel Ograzden in Dojran and seismological station in Valandovo. This paper presents the earthquake parameters (magnitude, location, hypocentral depth, focal mechanism) obtained through analysis of the data from various stations in the region. The recorded strong motion data will be also analyzed and presented in graphical and analytical form. Numerical values of the accelerations, velocities and displacements, together with their response spectra will be given. The main parameters of each component, such as maximal values of the acceleration, velocity and displacement, along with the frequency limit...
A measure of the capacity of earthquake ground motions to damage structures
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1994
Even though a number of parameters have been proposed in the literature for measuring the capacity of earthquake ground motions to damage structures, most of them are not consistent with building damage observed during earthquakes. In this study, a parameter for measuring seismic damage capacity is proposed. It uses the energy dissipated by a structure in inelastic deformations and a structural overall drift, and it is evaluated for three typical ground motions recorded in severe earthquakes. By using this parameter, consistent results with building damage observed in these earthquakes are obtained, which indicate the importance of displacement control for minimizing seismic damage.
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2013
A catastrophic M w 9.0 earthquake and subsequent giant tsunami struck the Tōhoku and Kanto regions of Japan on 11th March 2011, causing tremendous casualties, massive damage to structures and infrastructure, and huge economic loss. This event has revealed weakness and vulnerability of urban cities and modern society in Japan, which were thought to be one of the most earthquake-prepared nations in the world. Nevertheless, recorded ground motion data from this event offer invaluable information and opportunity; their unique features include very strong short-period spectral content, long duration, and effects due to local asperities as well as direction of rupture/wave propagation. Aiming at gaining useful experience from this tragic event, Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation J. Macabuag Building Design Partnership, London, UK EEFIT mission, ground shaking damage surveys were conducted in Sendai, Shirakawa, and Sukagawa, where the Japan Meteorological Agency intensity of 6+ was observed and instrumentally recorded ground motion data were available. The damage survey results identify the key factors for severe shaking damage, such as insufficient lateral reinforcement and detailing in structural columns from structural capacity viewpoint and rich spectral content of ground shaking in the intermediate vibration period range from seismic demand viewpoint. Importantly, inclusion of several ground motion parameters, such as nonlinear structural response, in shaking damage surveys, can improve the correlation of observed ground motion with shaking damage and therefore enhance existing indicators of potential damage.
Analysis of building damage caused by earthquakes in Eastern Turkey
Numerous ground motions of various intensities have been registered in Eastern Turkey since 23 October 2011. Two of them resulted in severe loss of life and great material damage in the towns of Van and Erciş. More than 600,000 people were affected by damage caused by earthquakes in that period. Van is one of the most recent and fastest developing regions of Turkey, which is why thorough investigations must be made to check seismic properties of buildings erected in this region. Types of seismic damage inflicted on buildings, and causes of damage to various buildings built in Van and Erciş, are analysed in the paper.
Improved Shaking and Damage Parameters for Post-Earthquake Applications
2001
In this study, various ground shaking, response and damage parameters are examined for post-earthquake applications. Peak ground motion values, elastic response spectra, spectrum intensity, drift spectrum, inelastic spectra, and hysteretic energy spectrum are examined. Two improved damage spectra are also examined. The improved damage spectra will be zero if the response remains elastic, and will be unity when the displacement capacity under monotonic deformation is reached. Furthermore, the proposed damage spectra can be reduced to the special cases of normalized hysteretic energy and displacement ductility spectra. The proposed damage spectra are promising for various seismic vulnerability studies and post-earthquake applications. In this study the above parameters are examined. Additionally, improved damage spectra are introduced and examined in details. The damage spectra are based on normalized response quantities of a series of inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems...
Mater Thesis, 2014
This thesis presents an investigation of different codes, methodology and techniques used in different countries with the aim to define an appropriate concept for rehabilitation of existing buildings. Chapter 2 is focused on the seismicity of Albania as a country with a high rate of seismicity in which earthquake risk reduction has been an important, on-going socioeconomic concern. A revised catalogue of Albanian earthquakes, from 58 A.D. to 2000, with magnitude Ms>4.5 in the region between 39/N and 43/N and 18.5/E and 21.5/E was used in this study. Ten seismic source zones were used to define the seismicity. The four spectral parameter maps allowed the construction of site-specific Uniform Hazard Spectra for all of Albania and were suggested as the basis of the next version of the KTP-N.2-89 Technical Seismic Regulations to improve earthquake-resistant design code in Albania. In Chapter 3 seismic design requirements or levels are the intended post-earthquake condition of a building; a well-defined point on a scale measuring how much loss is caused by earthquake damage. In addition to casualties, loss may be expressed in terms of property and operational capability. The seismic performance requirement must be achieved through system selection, detailing requirements, design force levels, and permissible drift, based on the Seismic Design Code, considering also the use of the building and the seismicity of the region containing the building site together with the effect of the site conditions. Once the energy demand for a structure is estimated from the earthquake ground motion, the damage potential must be quantified by a combination of response and energy parameters according to Park and Ang, 1985. Within the scope of a specific project the investigation was basically devoted to development of a practical and consistent methodology for structural state diagnosis. Basically, the development procedure is regarded as a specific tool which will provide successful identification of the basic parameters needed for elaboration of an optimal project for revitalization of the structural system, and it is predominantly based on application of the experimental non-destructive tests studied in chapter 5. Chapter 6 is focused on measures for improvement of structural systems in order that they will be capable to withstanding the expected earthquake effects. Decay of the building is usually consequence of weather condition, load effects and foundation settlement, so, building should be safe under normal load and resist the lateral loads without collapse. The types of intervention necessary to enhance the performance of the building can be broadly grouped under the following three categories - Repair, Restoration and Strengthening. Chapter 7 explores a method for damage assessment, in which the mathematical model of an existing building gives the level of damage index. The fragility curves developed inhere represent one of the possible forms of the earthquake intensity – damage to structures relationship. A random point on the fragility curve shows the conditional probability that the damage under an earthquake of a given intensity will exceed a certain damage state.
SEISMIC_RISK_ASSESSEMENT_THROUGH_STRONG_GROUND_MOTION_AND_VULNERABILITY
In engineering seismic hazard and seismic risk are two main concepts in evaluating the performance of a structure during an earthquake. These concepts differ from each other. Seismic hazard is expressed by the probability of occurrence of a specific seismic event. Meanwhile seismic risk means the expected consequences of the seismic events which is related to the loss of people life, wounding and eventual economic losses. To enable the engineering analysis of seismic risk, we use the concept of vulnerability (V) and the characteristics of the strong-ground motion. Through the vulnerability, we express the degree of damage to the building, assessed these on the size of the earthquake, the intensity I, or its acceleration a g . The seismic ground-motion is the basic input to earthquake-resistant design and the evaluation of collateral seismic hazards.