Unification of space-time-matter-energy (original) (raw)

Polemics Unification of Space-Time-Matter-Energy*

2008

A complete description of space-time, matter and energy is given in Einstein’s special theory of relativity. We derive explicit equations of motion for two falling bodies, based upon the principle that each body must subtract the mass-equivalent for any change in its kinetic energy that is incurred during the fall. We find that there are no singularities and consequently no blackholes.

Point-Mass Singularities, Energy and the Two-Body Problem in General Relativity

2008

It is demonstrated herein that:-1.The Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of point-mass singularities because they imply infinite energies (or equivalently, that a material body can acquire the speed of light in vacuo); 2.Ric = R µν = 0 violates Einstein's 'Principle of Equivalence' and so does not describe Einstein's gravitational field;

A Simple Model Unifies Space, Matter and Light

JHEPGC: Vol.9 No.4 2023, 2023

An alternative model is proposed to derive several of Einstein's basic relativity equations, which would make relativity theory easier to comprehend and more intuitive. Despite the radical nature of the hypothesis, the findings are consistent with many predictions of relativity theory and shed light on the fundamental aspects of various relativity concepts. The model unifies Space, Matter, and Light, all of which are of the same nature. The building block is a mass-unit composed of size and motion. The invariant space-time interval and the corresponding space-mass interval are derived and explained. Only when there is "external force", the Einstein's energy-momentum equation becomes applicable. The "no external force" scenario leads to the generation of a new energy-momentum equation that explains the nature of gravity and perhaps even dark matter. Modified Minkowski space-time and space-mass diagrams clearly depict time dilation, length contraction, the mass-momentum-energy relationship, and other relativity phenomena.

Energy and Spacetime

A modified framework for special relativity is proposed in which mass is incorporated in the temporal components of the Minkowski metric and a particle may convert between massive and massless states. The speed of such a particle therefore changes between subluminal and luminal. The well-known equations for relativistic energy of massive and massless particles do not conflict with the notion that a massive particle can convert all of its mass into energy, thereby removing the problem of requiring infinite energy to reach the speed of light barrier. This enables the production of gravitons, which in collisions transfer their momentum and energy to matter, thereby giving rise to the gravitational force. The conversion of particles between massive and massless states suggests that time, and hence the universe, is eternal.

The conservation of space, time, matter and energy. A new conservation law

Looking at moving objects, this paper tries to make it clear that space, time, mass and energy are conserved and act as if it is all the same. That space and time are also a form of energy. On speeding p or under gravitational situations, space and time " lose " some contribution. The overall factor is the gamma factor; while mass and energy gain, this happens at the cost of space and time, so it seems. This implies the idea that space time, matter and energy are in a linked bond with each other, in such a way that they are mutually conserved. The same is also observed in gravity. Also the Casimir effect directly shows this space, time, energy, mass conservation principle. This calls for a conservation law.

Black Holes:A Window into A New Theory of Space Time

1997

S. Chandrasekhar wrote in the prologue to his book on black holes, "The black holes of nature are the most perfect macroscopic objects there are in the universe: the only elements in their construction are our concepts of space and time." In this contribution I briefly discuss recent developments in fundamental theory and black holes that vindicate this statement in a modern perspective. I also include some of my reminiscences of Chandra.

Einstein's General Theory Of Relativity

2007

I. Introduction: Newtonian Physics and Special Relativity- 1. Relativity Principals and Gravitation 2. The Special Theory of Relativity II. The Mathematics of the General Theory of Relativity- 3. Vectors, Tensors, and Forms 4. Basis Vector Fields and Metric Tensor 5. Non-inertial Reference Frames 6. Differentiation, Connections and Integration 7. Curvature II. Einstein's Field Equations- 8. Einstein's Field Equations 9. The Linear Field Approximation 10. The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes IV. Cosmology- 11. Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe Models 12. Universe Models with Vacuum Energy 13. An Anisotropic Universe V. Advanced Topics- 14. Covariant decomposition, Singularities, and Canonical Cosmology 15. Homogeneous Spaces 16. Israel's Formalism: The metric junction method 17. Brane-worlds 18. Kaluza-Klein Theory VI. Appendices- A. Constrants of Nature B. Penrose diagrams C. Anti-de Sitter spacetime D. Suggested further reading

A unified theory of gravity and inertia

In this paper, we show how the phenomenon of inertia can be explained in non-relativistic classical mechanics using a unified theory of gravity and inertia. As a basis, we used the inertia-free mechanics of H.J. Treder. It can implement both Mach's principle and the idea of inertia having a gravitational origin without the shortcomings of an anisotropic inertial mass. Inertia arises from a velocity-dependent part of the gravitational potential. Thus, it will be possible to formulate classical mechanics with postulating neither the weak equivalence principle, nor a gravitational constant, nor any concept of inertial mass or inertial forces a priori. We will show that all four can be derived from the theory. The theory is valid in arbitrary accelerated frames of reference and the inertial frames are determined by all other particles in the universe, as demanded by Mach's principle. The exact Newtonian inertial forces will appear in any non-inertial frame, for translational and rotational acceleration, showing that they are not fictitious, but real parts of the gravitational force. In the lowest order v/c of the theory, Newtonian mechanics is obtained. The corrections that appear are shown to be just the terms present in Gravitoelectromagnetism. Ultimately, explaining inertia as a gravitational effect will allow us to derive an expression for the gravitational constant, enabling us to explain the apparent weakness of gravity. Such a unified theory of gravity and inertia has profound implications for the nature of mass and structure of elementary particles, as well as the origin of relativistic and quantum effects. This suggests a very different path towards a combined theory of relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics, as well as elementary particles. This will be discussed in a subsequent paper.

The Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetism

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2020

All past efforts to unify gravitation and electromagnetism failed because they considered energy/momentum to be the common denominator in this unification. The problem was that nobody knew how mass curves space and that charge, as we have shown in one of our papers, also curves space. It was naively believed that if mass, namely energy, curves space then so will the electromagnetic energy and in the same way. We took an entirely different approach. Our common denominator, as we show, is the deformation (distortion, curving) of space by both mass and charge. This approach yields the expected result.

The Complete Theory of Gravity II

Academia, 2023

So far, physics has been the physics of real time and real space. The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, established based on real time and real space, fit precisely with experiments. The Lorentz Transformation of the special theory of relativity became the basis for unifying the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. The general theory of relativity also described gravity using the Lorentz Transformation as a skeleton, and it matched the experiment precisely. However, the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics are not still fully unified. Although string theory and M-theory have achieved a mathematical combination of two theories, they have not been able to have the experimental proof of evidence yet. Maxwell's Equations predict that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are in phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a constant value. Therefore, it was concluded that there is no medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. My theory of Complex Time predicts that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are always in quadrature phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a complex variable value dependent on Polarization Angle φ. The phase of Complex Time has the direct relation with Polarization Angle φ. Therefore, I predict that there is a medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. The medium of Free Space is the distributed inductance and capacitance network. Therefore, I proposed a falsifiable experiment to measure the intrinsic impedance of Free Space. Through the experiment, I confirm that the in-phase prediction from Maxwell's Equation is false. This proves experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time. I discovered that time has phase so that time has 2 dimensions. By proving experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time and discovering the incompleteness of Lorentz Transformation, I hit on an intuition that our universe has a hidden dimension of phase so that our universe has 5dimensional spacetime, not 4-dimensional spacetime. I discovered that Lorentz Transformation only showed how the hidden dimension of phase interacts with the 4-dimensional spacetime as shadow illusion and it is not a complete transformation between the two inertial frames. From the viewpoint of complex time, everything is standing still, which is the fundamental nature of 5-dimensional spacetime. The hidden dimension of phase creates an illusion of motion on 4-dimensional spacetime that we humans perceive as reality. Einstein Field Equation was already Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetic Force, but Albert Einstein was not able to catch it, because Einstein Field Equation is very complicated so it was not easy to understand intuitively. Einstein Field Equation explains the root cause of Mass M and Charge Q. The phase skew ξ has Higgs mechanism to create mass M. The magnitude of complex time is compressed by the phase skew ξ to create Mass. Angular Momentum L is the root cause of Charge Q, which is related with the imaginary time skew factor ζ. Complex time phase rotation from Einstein Field Equation is the key to understand Einstein Field Equation intuitively. The Complete Theory of Gravity is to prove Gravity as the root cause of Everything from Microscopic Scale to Macroscopic Scale as Theory of Everything.