Unification of space-time-matter-energy (original) (raw)
Black Holes:A Window into A New Theory of Space Time
1997
S. Chandrasekhar wrote in the prologue to his book on black holes, "The black holes of nature are the most perfect macroscopic objects there are in the universe: the only elements in their construction are our concepts of space and time." In this contribution I briefly discuss recent developments in fundamental theory and black holes that vindicate this statement in a modern perspective. I also include some of my reminiscences of Chandra.
Einstein's General Theory Of Relativity
2007
I. Introduction: Newtonian Physics and Special Relativity- 1. Relativity Principals and Gravitation 2. The Special Theory of Relativity II. The Mathematics of the General Theory of Relativity- 3. Vectors, Tensors, and Forms 4. Basis Vector Fields and Metric Tensor 5. Non-inertial Reference Frames 6. Differentiation, Connections and Integration 7. Curvature II. Einstein's Field Equations- 8. Einstein's Field Equations 9. The Linear Field Approximation 10. The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes IV. Cosmology- 11. Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe Models 12. Universe Models with Vacuum Energy 13. An Anisotropic Universe V. Advanced Topics- 14. Covariant decomposition, Singularities, and Canonical Cosmology 15. Homogeneous Spaces 16. Israel's Formalism: The metric junction method 17. Brane-worlds 18. Kaluza-Klein Theory VI. Appendices- A. Constrants of Nature B. Penrose diagrams C. Anti-de Sitter spacetime D. Suggested further reading
A unified theory of gravity and inertia
In this paper, we show how the phenomenon of inertia can be explained in non-relativistic classical mechanics using a unified theory of gravity and inertia. As a basis, we used the inertia-free mechanics of H.J. Treder. It can implement both Mach's principle and the idea of inertia having a gravitational origin without the shortcomings of an anisotropic inertial mass. Inertia arises from a velocity-dependent part of the gravitational potential. Thus, it will be possible to formulate classical mechanics with postulating neither the weak equivalence principle, nor a gravitational constant, nor any concept of inertial mass or inertial forces a priori. We will show that all four can be derived from the theory. The theory is valid in arbitrary accelerated frames of reference and the inertial frames are determined by all other particles in the universe, as demanded by Mach's principle. The exact Newtonian inertial forces will appear in any non-inertial frame, for translational and rotational acceleration, showing that they are not fictitious, but real parts of the gravitational force. In the lowest order v/c of the theory, Newtonian mechanics is obtained. The corrections that appear are shown to be just the terms present in Gravitoelectromagnetism. Ultimately, explaining inertia as a gravitational effect will allow us to derive an expression for the gravitational constant, enabling us to explain the apparent weakness of gravity. Such a unified theory of gravity and inertia has profound implications for the nature of mass and structure of elementary particles, as well as the origin of relativistic and quantum effects. This suggests a very different path towards a combined theory of relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics, as well as elementary particles. This will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
The Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetism
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2020
All past efforts to unify gravitation and electromagnetism failed because they considered energy/momentum to be the common denominator in this unification. The problem was that nobody knew how mass curves space and that charge, as we have shown in one of our papers, also curves space. It was naively believed that if mass, namely energy, curves space then so will the electromagnetic energy and in the same way. We took an entirely different approach. Our common denominator, as we show, is the deformation (distortion, curving) of space by both mass and charge. This approach yields the expected result.
The Complete Theory of Gravity II
Academia, 2023
So far, physics has been the physics of real time and real space. The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, established based on real time and real space, fit precisely with experiments. The Lorentz Transformation of the special theory of relativity became the basis for unifying the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. The general theory of relativity also described gravity using the Lorentz Transformation as a skeleton, and it matched the experiment precisely. However, the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics are not still fully unified. Although string theory and M-theory have achieved a mathematical combination of two theories, they have not been able to have the experimental proof of evidence yet. Maxwell's Equations predict that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are in phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a constant value. Therefore, it was concluded that there is no medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. My theory of Complex Time predicts that E field and B field of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves are always in quadrature phase. The intrinsic impedance of Free Space is a complex variable value dependent on Polarization Angle φ. The phase of Complex Time has the direct relation with Polarization Angle φ. Therefore, I predict that there is a medium for Traveling Electromagnetic Waves to propagate through. The medium of Free Space is the distributed inductance and capacitance network. Therefore, I proposed a falsifiable experiment to measure the intrinsic impedance of Free Space. Through the experiment, I confirm that the in-phase prediction from Maxwell's Equation is false. This proves experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time. I discovered that time has phase so that time has 2 dimensions. By proving experimentally the physical existence of Complex Time and discovering the incompleteness of Lorentz Transformation, I hit on an intuition that our universe has a hidden dimension of phase so that our universe has 5dimensional spacetime, not 4-dimensional spacetime. I discovered that Lorentz Transformation only showed how the hidden dimension of phase interacts with the 4-dimensional spacetime as shadow illusion and it is not a complete transformation between the two inertial frames. From the viewpoint of complex time, everything is standing still, which is the fundamental nature of 5-dimensional spacetime. The hidden dimension of phase creates an illusion of motion on 4-dimensional spacetime that we humans perceive as reality. Einstein Field Equation was already Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electromagnetic Force, but Albert Einstein was not able to catch it, because Einstein Field Equation is very complicated so it was not easy to understand intuitively. Einstein Field Equation explains the root cause of Mass M and Charge Q. The phase skew ξ has Higgs mechanism to create mass M. The magnitude of complex time is compressed by the phase skew ξ to create Mass. Angular Momentum L is the root cause of Charge Q, which is related with the imaginary time skew factor ζ. Complex time phase rotation from Einstein Field Equation is the key to understand Einstein Field Equation intuitively. The Complete Theory of Gravity is to prove Gravity as the root cause of Everything from Microscopic Scale to Macroscopic Scale as Theory of Everything.
Gravity, from Newton and Einstein to Quantum Gravity
2019
In this research, I will try to give a simple, more general understanding of how gravity works. To do that, we will go in a journey to see what the old (Newtonian) and the new (Einstein) picture of gravity is. And to season that, we will finish by introducing quantum Gravity. I will begin by defining the Keplers laws for planetary motion, which Depending on it Newton created his theory for gravity, and we finish the section by Newtons gravity failure. Then I will start our discussion for Einsteins picture of gravity (general relativity), and cover rather some important topics, such as; Equivalence principle, Space-Time geometry, Einstein Field Equation...Etc., and I will finish the section by Einsteins answer to Newtonian failure. Finally I will give a very simple introduction to Quantum Gravity, and mainly discuss the some of the problems that phases the theory to be perfect.
Three Paradigms for Gravitational
1997
Abstract. The interior of gravitationally collapsed objects in alternate theories of gravity in which event horizons and singularities do not occur in strong field gravity were generically investigated. These objects, called red holes, were found to contain dynamic configurations of matter, radiation and spacetime similar to inside out accretion disks well inside the photon orbit. Applications to astrophysical phenomena are briefly described. NATURE MIGHT PREFER RED HOLES Rather than general relativity, an alternate theory of gravity – in which event horizons do not form around collapsing compact bodies – might be true. In this case, black holes do not exist in nature. Instead, compact bodies that collapse gravitationally inside their photon orbit form a different configuration of matter, radiation and space-time, which can be called a red hole. The literature contains several theories, consistent with all known experimental evidence, in which red holes occur instead of black holes ...
Relativity Theories – the Greatest Blunders of Einstein
viXra, 2017
The Relativity Theories are based on the concept of spacetime, which has no physical meaning. The theories are partial, applicable only to limited areas, and remain a stumbling block for the unification of physics. Here I show that an alternate concept, 'energy is motion, and force is reaction to motion', can explain all phenomena that are now being explained using Relativity Theories. This renders the tests for Relativity theories irrelevant. The alternate concept is physically meaningful and is applicable to all areas from particle level to cosmic level. So I conclude that the Relativity theories, which were in vogue for a century, can now be discarded.
Many previous attempts have been undertaken to produce a singularity-free solution to the black hole problem. This effort included many " Bardeen black hole " models, as well as quantum mechanical, and string theory models. The present paper describes a new solution based on a relativistic extension of Newton-Galileo physics, termed Information Relativity theory. For a purely gravitational, spherical black hole, the theory yields a black hole radius that equals the Schwarzschild radius, but without an interior singularity. Moreover, for a typical galaxy with a supermassive black hole residing at its center, the model produces a simple expression for the galaxy's dynamics in its dependence on redshift. According to the emerging dynamics, a galaxy's supermassive black hole is part of a binary system, together with a naked singularity at redshift z = 2-1/2 ≈ 0.707, suspected to be a quasar with extreme velocity offsets or an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Another redshift, z ≈ 2.078, is also predicted to be associated with quasars and AGNs. The derived results are contrasted with observational data and with a recent ΛCDM model. Taken together, the produced galaxy dynamics and the aforementioned results could shed some light on the role of supermassive black holes in the evolution of the galaxies in which they reside. The success of Information Relativity in reproducing the Schwarzschild radius of black holes, together with previous successful predictions of the phenomena of light bending, gravitational redshift, dark matter, and dark energy, attest the possibility of constructing a simple cosmology, based only on physical variables, without the notion of space time and its geodesics.