The ontogeny of autonomic measures in 6- and 12-month-old infants (original) (raw)
Related papers
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
Background: Premature infants may present with damage to the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which may be related to poorer neurological development. Among the techniques used to evaluate the ANS, heart rate variability (HRV) emerged as a simple, non-invasive, and easy to apply tool. The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare HRV in preterm infants at different times of hospitalization in order to verify the possible environmental relationships or clinical evolution with HRV. Methods: A longitudinal, prospective, and descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling composed of 25 collections of preterm infants of HRV at two moments: moment I (within 15 days of birth) and moment II (after 45 days post-birth). The Polar V800 heart rate monitor was used with the Polar H10 cardiac transducer to collect HRV, which was collected in the supine position for 15 min. The HRV data were analyzed by the linear method in frequency domain and time domain and by the nonlinear method using Kubios HRV analysis software, version 3.0.2. Results: There was an increase in HRV values at moment II, these being statistically significant in the SD1, ApEn, and SampEn. Data related to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and increased index complexity. Conclusions: The data demonstrate an increase in HRV values in premature infants at moment II, demonstrating a possible development in the maturation of the ANS during hospitalization. Trial registration: RBR-3x7gz8 retrospectively registered.
Developmental and contextual influences on autonomic reactivity in young children
Developmental Psychobiology, 2003
Studies of cardiovascular reactivity in young children have generally employed integrated, physiologically complex measures, such as heart rate and blood pressure, which are subject to the multiple influences of factors such as blood volume, hematologic status, thermoregulation, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) tone. Reactivity studies in children have rarely employed more differentiated, proximal measures of autonomic function capable of discerning the independent effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. We describe 1) the development, validity, and reliability of a psychobiology protocol assessing autonomic reactivity to challenge in 3-to 8-year-old children; 2) the influences of age, gender, and study context on autonomic measures; and 3) the distributions of reactivity measures in a normative sample of children and the prevalences of discrete autonomic profiles. Preejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) were measured as indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively, and autonomic profiles were created to offer summative indices of PEP and RSA response. Results confirmed the protocol's validity and reliability, and showed differences in autonomic reactivity by age and study context, but not by gender. The studies' findings offer guidelines for future research on autonomic reactivity in middle childhood and support the feasibility of examining sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to challenge in 3-to 8-yearold children. ß 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 64-78, 2003.
2010
Aims: Heart rate variability (HRV) reveals information on the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This study was initiated to assess the physiological-and maturational development of the ANS by comparing HRV data of healthy prematures with term infants. Methods: Short-term recordings of HRV in 39 premature healthy infants (29-35 weeks' gestation) were performed and compared with normative data of term infants. Frequency domain HRV parameters are computed in three frequency bands. Results: Gestational age of newborn infants is correlated with HRV. Prematures showed significant lower HRV parameters than term infants. The most significant differences were discerned for HRV parameters reflecting parasympathetic activity, whereas the pulse of the baroreceptor reflex was similar for prematures and term infants at 0.07 Hz (0.1 Hz adults). A respiratory peak in the HF-band according to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), as is common in adults, was not detected for prematures as it is not detected in term infants. Conclusions: Maturation of the ANS is accompanied by increasing HRV with a pronounced increase of parasympathetic activity. These changes are measurable by shortterm recordings. The physiological pulses concerning baroreceptor reflex activity and respiratory modulation were similar in prematures and term infants.
Pediatric Research, 1995
The changes in the power spectra of heart rate (HR) fluctuations, in particular the total power (within 0.02-2.0 Hz) and the power in the low-(0.02-0.2 Hz) and high-(0.2-2.0 Hz) frequency ranges, were computed from the ECG and respiratory signals of 59 premature and full-term infants. The objective of the study was to investigate the development and maturation of the autonomic nervous system from the first day of extrauterine life to several weeks of postnatal age. The study population was divided into four age groups. Group A: seven 1-d-old premature infants with gestational age of 34-35 wk. Group B: 28 premature infants 7-49 d old with a conceptional age of 34-35 wk. Group C: seven 1-d-old full-term infants of 39-41 wk gestation. Group D: six premature infants 35-97 d old with a conceptional age of 39-40 wk. Mean HR (2 SEM) of groups C and D combined, i.e. 135 + 2 bpm, was significantly lower compared with groups A and B, i.e. 152 ? 2 (p < 0.01). The mean (2 SEM) of the lowto high-frequency power ratio obtained from the HR power spectrum decreased progressively from 71 2 31 in group A to 34 + 8 in group B, 16 2 3 in group C, and 17 + 2 in group D. The mean low to high ratio for the combined groups C and D, 17 2 1, was significantly lower compared with the combined group A and B, i.e. 44 2 9 (p < 0.01). The respiratory signals showed two types of breathing patterns: a single peak in the respiratory spectrum centered around the respiratory frequency (mature type, H R V is affected by numerous factors including blood pressure, temperature, respiration, biochemical influence of acid-base balance, state of oxygenation, ventilation, and psychologic parameters. It is a reflection of the cardiovascular control exerted by the ANS and a direct result of ANS functioning. Using spectral analysis to investigate the frequency content of HR fluctuations, it has been shown that short-term fluctua
Developmental Psychobiology, 2011
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been linked repeatedly to children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s socioemotional and behavioral adaptive functioning and development, yet the literature on how various indexes of ANS activity develop in childhood is sparse. We utilized latent growth modeling to investigate the development of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an established index of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and preejection period (PEP), a marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influence on the heart, in children aged 8-10 years. At age 8, 251 children (128 girls, 123 boys; 162 European American, 89 African American) participated. Longitudinal data were collected during two additional waves when children were 9 and 10 years of age, with a 1-year lag between each wave. Children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s RSA and PEP exhibited significant stability over time. Marginally significant variability was found among children in how RSA changed over time (slope), but there was no significant interindividual variability in PEP changes over development. A conditional growth curve model (i.e., one with predictor variables) showed that initial levels of RSA and PEP and the slope of RSA over time were predicted by several demographic factors including the child&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s sex and race; RSA of European American children showed significant increases over time while African American children had higher initial RSA but no significant change over time. Findings extend basic knowledge in developmental biopsychology and have implications for research focusing on ANS measures as important predictors, moderators, and mediators of childhood adaptation.
Infant state: Relationship to heart rate, behavioral response and response decrement
Developmental Psychobiology, 1973
The relationship of state to HR and behavioral responding to white noise stimulation was investigated in 2-week old infants. Results indicated that state is a potent determinant of various behavioral and HR phenomena. State was related to prestimulus HR levels. Cardiac responses elicited in active sleep were larger than those elicited in quiet awake, even after prestimulus effects on responding were partialled out. Infants who were asleep throughout testing (group I) showed rapid behavioral and large HR response decrement. Infants whose state changed from active sleep to awake (group 11), from quiet awake to asleep (group 111), and from quiet awake to crying (group JV), showed significantly slower behavioral response decrement than those in group I, but behavioral response decrement was nevertheless evident in all groups. Cardiac response over trials also was examined in these 4 groups.
Developmental patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia from toddlerhood to adolescence
Developmental Psychology, 2020
Parasympathetic nervous system functioning as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is widely used as a measure of physiological regulation. We examined developmental patterns of children's resting RSA and RSA reactivity from 2 to 15 years of age, a period of time that is marked by considerable advances in children's regulatory abilities. Physiological data were collected from a community sample of 270 children (116 males) during a resting period and during a frustration laboratory task when the children were 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years old. We examined both stability and continuity in resting RSA and RSA reactivity across time. We found stability in resting RSA but not RSA reactivity from toddlerhood to adolescence. Separate multilevel models were used to examine changes in resting RSA and RSA reactivity from Age 2 to Age 15. The rate of change in resting RSA slowed from Age 2 to Age 15 with a plateau around Age 10. A splined growth model indicated that the rate of RSA reactivity increased from Age 2 to Age 7 and a modest slowing and leveling off from Age 7 to Age 15. Understanding the developmental characteristics of RSA across childhood and adolescence is important to understanding the larger constructs of self-and emotion regulation.
PLoS ONE, 2012
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to cardiac vagal outflow and the respiratory pattern. Prior infant studies have not systematically examined respiration rate and tidal volume influences on infant RSA or the extent to which infants' breathing is too fast to extract a valid RSA. We therefore monitored cardiac activity, respiration, and physical activity in 23 six-month old infants during a standardized laboratory stressor protocol. On average, 12.6% (range 0-58.2%) of analyzed breaths were too short for RSA extraction. Higher respiration rate was associated with lower RSA amplitude in most infants, and lower tidal volume was associated with lower RSA amplitude in some infants. RSA amplitude corrected for respiration rate and tidal volume influences showed theoretically expected strong reductions during stress, whereas performance of uncorrected RSA was less consistent. We conclude that stress-induced changes of peak-valley RSA and effects of variations in breathing patterns on RSA can be determined for a representative percentage of infant breaths. As expected, breathing substantially affects infant RSA and needs to be considered in studies of infant psychophysiology.
Psychophysiology, 2020
Infant autonomic reactivity to stress is a potential predictor of later life health complications, but research has not sufficiently examined sympathetic activity, controlled for effects of physical activity and respiration, or studied associations among autonomic adjustments, cardiac activity, and affect in infants. We studied 278 infants during the repeated Still‐Face Paradigm, a standardized stressor, while monitoring cardiac activity (ECG) and respiratory pattern (respiratory inductance plethysmography). Video ratings of physical activity and affect were also performed. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and T‐wave amplitude (TWA) served as noninvasive indicators of cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. Responses were compared between infants who completed two still‐face exposures and those who terminated after one exposure due to visible distress. Findings, controlled for physical activity, showed robust reductions in respiration‐adjusted RSA and TWA, ...