Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience (original) (raw)
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Women’s disaster-related mental health: The decision to leave or to stay after an earthquake
Traumatology, 2016
After a disaster, the impact that relocation has on survivors' mental health and recovery is not completely understood. We examined whether leaving or staying in an earthquake-devastated area is associated with risks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms. Second, we analyzed whether different factors explain the mental health effects in the relocated and nonrelocated groups (e.g., the severity of earthquake-related traumatic events and the disaster assistance). The sample consisted of 195 women (15-65 years of age) who were residents in an earthquake affected (7.1 Richter scale) town in South Eastern Turkey. They were interviewed in their homes 1 year after the earthquake. The results show that relocation was associated with mental health problems, especially with intrusive PTSD, somatization, and hostility symptoms, and interpersonal problems. Among the relocated women, a high level of traumatic experiences was associated with severe PTSD and psychiatric symptoms, whereas among nonlocated women, a low level of disaster assistance associated with symptoms. Received disaster help should be tailored according to female earthquake survivors' needs.
Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After an Earthquake Disaster
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2013
This study sought to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from women's reproductive health events after an earthquake experience. Data on antenatal care, pregnancy outcomes, family planning, socioeconomic status, earthquake experiences, and mental health were collected from a random sample of 425 women of reproductive age using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reproductive Health Assessment Toolkit and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis to predict PTSD symptoms from posttrauma care variables and reproductive health events. Restricted social participation, use of temporary accommodation, pregnancy complications, and use of injectable contraceptives were significant risk factors of PTSD. These factors may be exacerbated by the social context of conservative societies, traditions about health care-seeking behavior, and access to health care. Antecedent reproductive health events influence women's reaction to major trauma including events such as an earthquake.
Journal of affective disorders, 2018
Antenatal mental health problems are of concern globally not only because of the burden and limits to participation experienced by women but also because of risks for foetal neurocognitive development and adverse birth outcomes. The aim was to describe the indicative prevalence of and risk and protective factors for clinically-significant symptoms of antenatal common mental disorders (CMDs) among women who experienced the 2015 Nepal earthquakes during pregnancy. A population-based cross-sectional study in Bhaktapur, one of 14 districts highly affected by the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. The primary outcome, clinically significant symptoms of CMDs, was ascertained using the Nepali validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-N). In order to investigate potential trauma reactions, a subset of EPDS items as indicators of trauma symptoms was constructed. Standardised instruments and study-specific questions were used to measure potential risk and protective factors. Data were...
Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 2022
Background: Women are at higher risk of death during disasters due to physical, biological, psychological, and cultural differences. After a disaster, they experience more miscarriages, premature births, inadequate fetal growth, low birth weight, sexual violence, and unwanted pregnancies. This study aims to investigate the reproductive health status of women affected by the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. The study population consists of women aged 15-49 years (Mean age=31.7 years) living in Sarpol-e Zahab, Javanrood, and Thalas Babajani towns in Kermanshah city affected by the earthquake in 2017. The questionnaire used for assessing the status of reproductive health in women was the Reproductive Health Assessment Questionnaire for Women of Reproductive Age, which has already been localized in Iran and its reliability and validity have been confirmed. Native Kurdish language experts completed the questionnaires on behalf of 396 participants. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables. Results: It was found that 42.4% of women complained of abnormal menstruation and 34.09% of limited menstrual hygiene materials. Sixty women were pregnant at the time of the earthquake, all of whom gave birth in hospital; two had miscarriages, two had premature births, and one had stillbirth. Urinary tract infection was the most common problem (21%) in pregnant women. Moreover, 48% of women used contraceptive methods after the earthquake, the most commonly used method was the use of contraceptive pills (23%). Access to contraception methods was difficult for 14.4% of them after the earthquake. Furthermore, 25% had experienced violence after the earthquake; of these, 30 reported physical violence, 86 verbal violence, and 13 sexual violence. Conclusion: The control of pregnancy and safe delivery in earthquake-affected areas of Kermanshah is relatively acceptable; however, the provision of reproductive health services seems to be challenging. It is recommended to pay attention to the menstrual hygiene of women and regular distribution of contraceptives (despite the current population growth plan), address sexual acts of violence, and develop a protocol to support the victims.
Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 2019
Background: Postpartum depression is a feeling disorder experienced by the mother after giving birth that can occur at any time within one year. According to the WHO, the post-disaster of most of the affected population have normal psychological reactions and around 15 to 20% will experience mental disorders that refer to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). 3 to 4% experience severe disorders such as psychosis, major depression and high anxiety. This study aims to analyze the village contextual influence on postpartum depression post earthquake. Subjects and Method: This was observational analytic study with cross sectional approach, conducted in 25 villages in East Lombok district, Indonesia in March to April 2019. The total sample of 225 postpartum mothers was selected using stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was postpartum depression. The independent variables were age, parity, education, employment, income, obstetric history, social support, stress coping, government support, the role of health personnel, and the level of loss. The data collection was conducted using questionnaires and analyzed using multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Postpartum depression was affected by age <20 or > 35 years (b = 1.79; 95% CI = 2.85 to 13.37; p = 0.001), parity <2 or > 4 (b = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.37 to 2.53; p = 0.008), high income (b =-1.68; CI 95% =-2.75 to-0.61; p = 0.002), there was an obstetric history (b = 1.03; CI 95% =-0.03 to 2.11; p = 0.059), strong social support (b =-1.62; 95% CI =-2.76 to-0.48; p = 0.005, good coping stress (b =-3.95; 95% CI =-5.42 to-2.47; p <0.001), strong government support (b =-1.26; 95% CI =-2.34 to-0.18; p = 0.022), the role of health personnel (b =-2.06; CI 95% =-3.29 to-0.83; p = 0.001), and the rate of loss (b = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.46 to 3.92; p <0.001) Postpartum depression was not influenced by higher education (b =-0.60; 95% CI =-1.63 to 0.42; p = 0.250) and low employment (b = 0.57; 95% CI =-0.44 to 1.59; p = 0.272). Villages has a contextual influence on postpartum depression after the earthquake (ICC = 8.36%). Conclusion: Age, parity, income, obstetric history, social support, stress coping, government support, the role of health personnel, and the level of loss have an influence on postpartum depression after the earthquake. There is a contextual influence between the villages on average on the incidence of postpartum depression after the earthquake.
Evaluation of Women’s Reproductive Health Status After the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran
Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly
Background: Women are at higher risk of death during disasters due to physical, biological, psychological, and cultural differences. After a disaster, they experience more miscarriages, premature births, inadequate fetal growth, low birth weight, sexual violence, and unwanted pregnancies. This study aims to investigate the reproductive health status of women affected by the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. The study population consists of women aged 15-49 years (Mean age=31.7 years) living in Sarpol-e Zahab, Javanrood, and Thalas Babajani towns in Kermanshah city affected by the earthquake in 2017. The questionnaire used for assessing the status of reproductive health in women was the Reproductive Health Assessment Questionnaire for Women of Reproductive Age, which has already been localized in Iran and its reliability and validity have been confirmed. Native Kurdish language experts completed t...
Physical and mental health status of women in disaster-affected areas in Bangladesh
Natural Hazards
Despite the increased risk of disasters in the Bangladesh, there is a dearth of research about women’s physical and mental health vulnerability following disasters. This study aimed to explore the physical and mental health status and associated risk factors of women in recurrent disaster-affected areas of Bangladesh. Participants (N = 408) were recruited using systematic random sampling from two purposively selected disaster-prone areas (Upazilas of Sagata and Sarankhola), using a structured questionnaire conducted in person. Physical and mental health status was assessed using the health Short Form 12 (SF-12) measure that is comprised of both physical health (PCS-12) and mental health (MCS-12) subscales. Of the 408 participants, the mean scores on PCS-12 and MCS-12 subscales were 43.85 ± 28.04 and 37.70 ± 27.29, respectively, which were strongly correlated, r = .71, p < .001. Overall, 65.9% and 63.0% of total participants scored below the validated cut-off of PCS-12 and MCS-12 ...